According to Kohlberg, which of the following stages does not come under Pre-conventional morality? (a) Stage of obedience for avoiding punishment (b) Stage of conformity to obtain reward (c) Stage of individual rights (d) Stage of good interpersonal relationship Choose the correct code:

Q: According to Kohlberg, which of the following stages does not come under Pre-conventional morality? (a) Stage of obedience for avoiding punishment (b) Stage of conformity to obtain reward (c) Stage of individual rights (d) Stage of good interpersonal relationship Choose the correct code:

According to Kohlberg, which of the following stages does not come under Pre-conventional morality? (a) Stage of obedience for avoiding punishment (b) Stage of conformity to obtain reward (c) Stage of individual rights (d) Stage of good interpersonal relationship Choose the correct code:

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 3: (c) and (d)

**Detailed Explanation of Correctness:**

This question requires you to recall the stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which is divided into three levels, each containing two stages: Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional. The Pre-conventional level, typical of young children, is entirely focused on external consequences—rewards and punishments.1.  **Stage (a) Stage of obedience for avoiding punishment** is Stage 1 of the Pre-conventional level.
2.  **Stage (b) Stage of conformity to obtain reward** (often called Individualism and Exchange or Market Exchange) is Stage 2 of the Pre-conventional level.Therefore, stages (a) and (b) *do* come under Pre-conventional morality. The stages that do **not** come under Pre-conventional morality are:1.  **Stage (c) Stage of individual rights** (Social Contract and Individual Rights) is Stage 5, which belongs to the **Post-conventional** level.
2.  **Stage (d) Stage of good interpersonal relationship** (Interpersonal Concordance/Good Boy-Good Girl) is Stage 3, which belongs to the **Conventional** level.Since both stages (c) and (d) are outside the Pre-conventional level, the correct code indicating the non-Pre-conventional stages is (c) and (d), corresponding to Option 3.

**Analysis of Incorrect Options:**

The incorrect option is 1: (a) and (c). This option is incorrect because stage (a), the Stage of obedience for avoiding punishment, is explicitly a part of the Pre-conventional level (Stage 1). The question asks for the stages that are *not* Pre-conventional.

The incorrect option is 2: (b) and (d). This option is incorrect because while stage (d) is not Pre-conventional, stage (b), the Stage of conformity to obtain reward, is the second stage of the Pre-conventional level.

The incorrect option is 4: Only (c). This option is incorrect because stage (d), the Stage of good interpersonal relationship, is also a stage that does not fall under Pre-conventional morality, as it belongs to the Conventional level. Therefore, stating that *only* (c) is not Pre-conventional is inaccurate.