Evaluation is done on two basics

Question

Accepted Answer

Evaluation in educational contexts is typically categorized into two main types: formative and summative, which is why Option 4 is the correct answer.

1. **Explanation for Option 4 (Formative and Summative):**
   - **Formative Evaluation:** This type of evaluation is conducted during the learning process. Its primary purpose is to monitor student learning and provide ongoing feedback that can be used by instructors to improve their teaching and by students to improve their learning. Formative assessments are generally low stakes, meaning they have little or no impact on the final grade. Examples include quizzes, drafts, peer reviews, and discussions.
   - **Summative Evaluation:** This type of evaluation occurs at the end of an instructional period, such as the end of a unit, course, or academic year. Its purpose is to evaluate student learning by comparing it against a standard or benchmark. Summative assessments are often high stakes, meaning they have a significant impact on the final grade. Examples include final exams, end-of-term projects, and standardized tests.

2. **Explanation for why other options are incorrect:**
   - **Option 1 (Cumulative):** Cumulative evaluation refers to assessments that cover material from the entire course or a significant portion of it. While cumulative assessments can be part of summative evaluations, they do not encompass the formative aspect, which is crucial for ongoing feedback and improvement.
   - **Option 2 (Terminal):** Terminal evaluation is similar to summative evaluation in that it occurs at the end of a course or program. However, it does not include the formative aspect, which is essential for continuous learning and development.
   - **Option 3 (Sessional):** Sessional evaluations typically refer to assessments conducted at regular intervals during a course, such as midterms. While they can provide feedback, they do not specifically address the comprehensive nature of formative and summative evaluations, which together cover both ongoing and final assessments.

In conclusion, Option 4 is the correct answer because it accurately captures the two fundamental types of evaluation used in education: formative, which supports learning through ongoing feedback, and summative, which assesses learning at the end of an instructional period.