The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 2018 released by:

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 2:

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is a critical international measure of acute poverty, reflecting deprivations in health, education, and standard of living. It was first launched in 2010 by the **United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)** and the **Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI)**. Since its inception, the MPI has been published annually in the UNDP's flagship Human Development Report, with OPHI providing the technical expertise and methodology. Therefore, the 2018 MPI, like the preceding and subsequent editions, was a joint effort between these two institutions to provide a comprehensive, non-monetary measure of poverty across developing countries.

The incorrect option is 1:
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates and facilitates international trade. While trade policies can affect poverty, the WTO is not involved in calculating or releasing global human development indices like the MPI.

The incorrect option is 3:
The World Bank (specifically the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD) primarily focuses on financial assistance and economic data, such as measuring monetary poverty lines and publishing the Ease of Doing Business Index. It uses different metrics for poverty measurement than the MPI methodology developed by OPHI and UNDP.

The incorrect option is 4:
IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) is an arm of the World Bank Group, and UNO (United Nations Organization) is a broad term for the entire UN system. While the UNDP is a specialized agency within the UN system, the specific joint authorship for the MPI is between UNDP and OPHI, not a generalized collaboration between IBRD and UNO.