Which of the following statement is not true ?

Question

Accepted Answer

Option 1 is the correct answer because it states that "Classical conditioning deals with voluntary behaviours," which is not true. Classical conditioning, a concept developed by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association and primarily deals with involuntary or automatic responses. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. This process typically involves reflexive or involuntary behaviors, such as salivation in Pavlov's dogs when they heard a bell.

Now, let's explain why each of the other options is incorrect:

2. "Operant conditioning deals with voluntary behaviours." - This statement is true. Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the reinforcement or punishment that follows them. It primarily deals with voluntary behaviors, as individuals make conscious choices to act in certain ways to receive rewards or avoid punishments.

3. "Classical conditioning deals with involuntary behaviours." - This statement is true. As mentioned earlier, classical conditioning involves involuntary or reflexive responses. The process is about associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an involuntary conditioned response.

4. "In operant conditioning, 'consequences' are important in framing an association." - This statement is true. In operant conditioning, the consequences of a behavior (reinforcement or punishment) are crucial in determining whether the behavior will be repeated in the future. Positive or negative consequences shape the likelihood of voluntary behaviors being repeated.

In summary, Option 1 is the correct answer because it inaccurately describes classical conditioning as dealing with voluntary behaviors, whereas it actually involves involuntary responses. The other options correctly describe the principles of classical and operant conditioning.