Which of the following statement is incorrect?

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 4:

The question asks to identify the *incorrect* statement, and Option 4 contains a factual inaccuracy regarding the Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB), 2019, thus making it the correct answer choice for this MCQ. The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019, which amended the Citizenship Act, 1955, aims to grant fast-track citizenship to undocumented migrants belonging to six minority religious communities—Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian—who arrived in India from three neighboring countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, before December 31, 2014. Critically, the Act excludes the Muslim community from this specific provision of the fast-track path to citizenship. Therefore, the statement "Under the Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019, people of Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi religion coming to India from Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan will be given citizenship" is incorrect because it falsely includes the Muslim religion among the beneficiaries of this specific citizenship pathway defined in the Act.

The incorrect option is 1:

This statement is correct in the context of Aristotle’s political philosophy, particularly as presented in his work, *Politics*. Aristotle defined citizenship narrowly, limiting it to those individuals who participated directly in the deliberative and judicial functions of the polis (city-state). For him, true citizens were those capable of ruling and being ruled, and this privilege was restricted almost exclusively to adult male property owners born in the polis. He explicitly excluded women, slaves, laborers, artisans, and resident foreigners from citizenship, demonstrating that he indeed considered it a privilege belonging to a select ruling class rather than a universal right. Since the statement accurately reflects his restrictive definition of citizenship, it is a correct statement and thus an incorrect choice for the question asking for the *incorrect* statement.

The incorrect option is 2:

This statement is a famous and direct quote attributed to Aristotle, often paraphrased from Book I of *Politics*, concerning the nature of man as a political animal (*zoon politikon*). Aristotle believed that human beings are naturally inclined to live in a political community, and participation in the affairs of the community (the *polis*) is essential for achieving the "good life" or *eudaimonia*. The quote emphasizes that a person who exists outside the political framework—neither participating nor needing society—must be either subhuman (a "beast") or superhuman (a "god"). This statement accurately summarizes Aristotle’s view on the necessity of political participation for human fulfillment within the *polis*. Since this statement is factually correct regarding Aristotle’s philosophy, it is an incorrect choice for the question.

The incorrect option is 3:

This statement correctly defines the two primary legal principles used worldwide for determining citizenship. *Jus Soli* (literally "right of the soil") is the principle where citizenship is determined by the place of birth, meaning anyone born within the territory of a state is automatically granted citizenship, regardless of the citizenship of their parents. Conversely, *Jus Sanguinis* (literally "right of blood") is the principle where citizenship is determined by the nationality or ethnic identity of the parents, often referred to as citizenship by descent. The majority of nations use a combination of these two principles, but the stated definitions are accurate concerning their foundational legal meaning. Since this statement provides a correct legal definition, it is an incorrect choice for the question asking for the *incorrect* statement.