Which of the following are not included in Ashtang Yoga ?
(i) Pranayam
(ii) Dyauti
(iii) Niyam
(iv) Yama
(v) Neti
(vi) Pratyahar

Question

Which of the following are not included in Ashtang Yoga ?
(i) Pranayam 
(ii) Dyauti
(iii) Niyam 
(iv) Yama
(v) Neti 
(vi) Pratyahar

Accepted Answer

Ashtang Yoga, also known as the Eight Limbs of Yoga, is a fundamental concept in the philosophy of yoga as outlined by the sage Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras. The eight limbs are a comprehensive guide to living a meaningful and purposeful life. They include:

1. Yama (ethical standards)
2. Niyama (self-discipline)
3. Asana (postures)
4. Pranayama (breath control)
5. Pratyahara (withdrawal of senses)
6. Dharana (concentration)
7. Dhyana (meditation)
8. Samadhi (absorption or enlightenment)

Now, let's analyze the options provided in the question:

- **Option 3: ii & v (Dyauti and Neti)** is the correct answer because neither "Dyauti" nor "Neti" is part of the Ashtang Yoga. "Dyauti" is not a recognized term in the context of Ashtang Yoga, and "Neti" is a cleansing technique used in Hatha Yoga, not part of the eight limbs of Ashtang Yoga.

- **Option 1: i & vi (Pranayam and Pratyahar)** is incorrect because both "Pranayama" and "Pratyahara" are indeed part of the Ashtang Yoga. Pranayama is the fourth limb, focusing on breath control, and Pratyahara is the fifth limb, focusing on the withdrawal of senses.

- **Option 2: iii & iv (Niyam and Yama)** is incorrect because both "Niyama" and "Yama" are part of the Ashtang Yoga. Yama is the first limb, dealing with ethical standards, and Niyama is the second limb, dealing with self-discipline.

- **Option 4: ii & vi (Dyauti and Pratyahar)** is incorrect because, while "Dyauti" is not part of Ashtang Yoga, "Pratyahara" is indeed one of the eight limbs.

In conclusion, Option 3 is the correct answer because it accurately identifies "Dyauti" and "Neti" as terms not included in the Ashtang Yoga. The other options incorrectly include elements that are indeed part of the eight limbs.