Which one of the following is not correctly matched ?

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is (3):

The question asks which pairing is *not* correctly matched regarding political philosophy and theories of equality/justice. Option 3, "Equality of Resources - Robert Nozick," is the incorrect match, making it the correct answer to this "not correctly matched" question. Robert Nozick (1938–2002) was a prominent libertarian philosopher known primarily for his work *Anarchy, State, and Utopia* (1974). His theory is centered on the *entitlement theory of justice*, which focuses on just acquisition and transfer of holdings, arguing against redistributive state efforts. Nozick strongly opposes theories of patterned distribution, including equality of resources, arguing that such attempts violate individual rights and liberty. The idea of *Equality of Resources* is actually most closely associated with the liberal philosopher **Ronald Dworkin** (1931–2013), who developed this concept as a counterpoint and refinement to traditional welfare-based equality theories, emphasizing the importance of resource equality coupled with ambition-sensitivity. Thus, pairing Equality of Resources with Robert Nozick is fundamentally incorrect, as Nozick champions minimalist state intervention and historical entitlement, rejecting resource-based equality goals entirely.

The incorrect option is (1):
This pairing, "Equality of Capability - Amartya Sen," is a correct match. Amartya Sen (1933–present), a Nobel laureate economist and philosopher, is the originator and primary proponent of the *Capability Approach*. Sen argues that equality should not be measured merely by income, resources, or even utility, but by the actual freedoms people have to achieve "functionings" (what a person manages to do or be, such as being nourished or participating in public life). The focus is on ensuring people have the capability (real opportunity) to live the lives they value. Since Amartya Sen is definitively associated with the Capability Approach, this option is a correct match.

The incorrect option is (2):
This pairing, "Complex Equality - Michael Walzer," is a correct match. Michael Walzer (1935–present), a leading communitarian political theorist, presented his concept of *Complex Equality* in his influential book *Spheres of Justice* (1983). Walzer argues that justice requires different social goods (like wealth, political power, education, and security) to be distributed according to different criteria appropriate to each distinct "sphere" of life. Complex equality exists when no single social good (like money) dominates the distribution in other spheres (like politics or healthcare). Since Michael Walzer is the definitive theorist of Complex Equality, this pairing is correctly matched.

The incorrect option is (4):
This option, "From each according to his capability and to each according to his need - Karl Marx," is a correct match. This famous maxim represents the principle of distribution under advanced communism, as envisioned by Karl Marx (1818–1883), particularly in his *Critique of the Gotha Programme* (1875). Marx posited that in the higher phase of communist society, social production would be organized so abundantly that society could distribute goods based solely on need, with individuals contributing according to their abilities, thus ensuring the highest form of human equality and freedom. This maxim is directly attributed to the philosophy of Karl Marx.