C.P.I. (M.L.) was formed by

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 2:
Charu Majumdar was the primary ideological and organizational leader in the formation of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist), or CPI (ML). The party originated from the Naxalbari peasant uprising in 1967, which was a radical, armed insurrection of tribal peasants in West Bengal. Majumdar, who was initially a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M), broke away from the mainstream communist movement in India, criticizing it for parliamentary revisionism and abandoning the path of armed revolution as prescribed by Mao Zedong. The CPI (ML) was formally established on April 22, 1969, on Lenin's birthday, with the goal of carrying out a New Democratic Revolution in India through armed struggle, primarily targeting landlords and the state. Majumdar’s writings, particularly the "Eight Historic Documents," served as the ideological foundation for the new party, advocating for the annihilation line—the immediate killing of class enemies—and establishing the party as the vanguard of the revolutionary movement.

The incorrect option is 1:
Indrajeet Gupta was a prominent leader of the Communist Party of India (CPI) and served as its General Secretary for many years. Unlike Charu Majumdar, who advocated for radical, extra-parliamentary armed struggle, Gupta represented the mainstream, parliamentary faction of Indian Communism. The CPI (ML) split specifically from the CPI(M) and not the CPI, on the grounds that the mainstream communist parties had become revisionist and were not pursuing genuine revolutionary goals. Therefore, Indrajeet Gupta was associated with a political lineage that was directly opposed to the revolutionary and anti-parliamentary stance of the CPI (ML).

The incorrect option is 3:
A. K. Gopalan, often known as AKG, was a towering figure in the Indian communist movement and a key leader in the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M). He was a highly respected parliamentarian and mass leader, especially in Kerala. AKG was a part of the established communist political structure that Charu Majumdar and the Naxalite movement criticized and ultimately broke away from in 1969. While he was a foundational leader of the communist movement in India, he was an opponent of the ultra-left, revolutionary path adopted by the CPI (ML) and was never involved in its formation.

The incorrect option is 4:
M. N. Roy was a revolutionary, a theorist, and an activist who played a foundational role in the early global communist movement, including the formation of the Communist Party of Mexico and participation in the Communist International. However, by the time the CPI (ML) was formed in 1969, M. N. Roy had long since abandoned communism and became an exponent of Radical Humanism. He passed away in 1954, fifteen years before the formation of the CPI (ML). His ideological journey and political activities belong to an entirely different era and school of thought, making his association with the founding of the CPI (ML) chronologically and ideologically impossible.