Let me turn to a brief discussion of some basic aspects of the philosophy of non-violence.

First, it must be emphasized that non-violent resistance is not a method for cowards; it does resist. If one uses this method because he is afraid or merely because he lacks the instruments of violence, he is not truly non-violent. This is why Gandhi often said that if cowardice is the only alternative to violence, it is better to fight. He made this statement conscious of the fact that there is always another alternative: no individual or group need submit to any wrong, nor need they use violence to right the wrong; there is the way of non-violent resistance. This is ultimately the way of the strong man. The method is passive physically, but strongly active spiritually. It is not passive non-resistance to evil, it is active non-violent resistance to evil.

A second basic fact that characterizes non-violence is that it does not seek to defeat or humiliate the opponent, but to win his friendship and understanding. The non-violent resister must often express his protest through non-cooperation or boycotts, but he realizes that these are not ends themselves; they are merely means to awaken a sense of moral shame in the opponent. The end is redemption and reconciliation.

Pick the word from the passage which means "goals or desired results":

Question

Let me turn to a brief discussion of some basic aspects of the philosophy of non-violence.

First, it must be emphasized that non-violent resistance is not a method for cowards; it does resist. If one uses this method because he is afraid or merely because he lacks the instruments of violence, he is not truly non-violent. This is why Gandhi often said that if cowardice is the only alternative to violence, it is better to fight. He made this statement conscious of the fact that there is always another alternative: no individual or group need submit to any wrong, nor need they use violence to right the wrong; there is the way of non-violent resistance. This is ultimately the way of the strong man. The method is passive physically, but strongly active spiritually. It is not passive non-resistance to evil, it is active non-violent resistance to evil.

A second basic fact that characterizes non-violence is that it does not seek to defeat or humiliate the opponent, but to win his friendship and understanding. The non-violent resister must often express his protest through non-cooperation or boycotts, but he realizes that these are not ends themselves; they are merely means to awaken a sense of moral shame in the opponent. The end is redemption and reconciliation.

Pick the word from the passage which means "goals or desired results":

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 2:

The word in the passage that means "goals or desired results" is "ends." This is a crucial concept within the philosophy of non-violence as discussed in the text. In the second paragraph, the author differentiates between the methods used and the ultimate purpose of the non-violent struggle. The sentence, "The non-violent resister must often express his protest through non-cooperation or boycotts, but he realizes that these are not ends themselves; they are merely means to awaken a sense of moral shame in the opponent," clearly positions "ends" as the ultimate aim or objective. The concept of "ends" in this context refers to the desired final outcome, which the passage further defines as "redemption and reconciliation." The inherent meaning of "end" as a noun, signifying a culmination, goal, or purpose, aligns perfectly with the definition of "goals or desired results." This distinction between "means" (the process or tools, like protests and boycotts) and "ends" (the final goal) is foundational not only to this passage but also to the broader philosophy of non-violent resistance, emphasizing that the desired result is not just victory but transformation and understanding between opponents.

The incorrect option is 1:
The word "aspects" refers to a particular part or feature of something, such as the basic features of the philosophy of non-violence. It describes components of a subject, not the ultimate outcome or goal. Therefore, "aspects" cannot be substituted for "goals or desired results" without changing the meaning of the query.

The incorrect option is 3:
"Protests" are actions or demonstrations that express an objection to something. While they are a visible part of the non-violent method mentioned in the text, they are tools or methods of resistance, not the final desired results. The passage confirms this by stating that the resister must often express his "protest," implying that it is a medium for action.

The incorrect option is 4:
The word "means," as used in the passage ("they are merely means to awaken a sense of moral shame"), refers to a method, instrument, or way of achieving something. It represents the *process* or the *tools* used in the struggle (like boycotts or non-cooperation), which are explicitly contrasted with the "ends" or goals.