Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists:
List-I (Thinker) - List-II (Definition of Democracy)
A. G. Sartori - i. She is everybody's mistress
B. J. R. Lucas - . ii. High flown name for something which does not exist.
C. Bernard Crick - iii. Is a noun but should be an adjective.
D. Cranston - iv. Is nothing but different doctrines in different people's minds.

Question

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below the lists: 
List-I (Thinker) -  List-II (Definition of Democracy)
A. G. Sartori - i. She is everybody's mistress
B. J. R. Lucas - . ii. High flown name for something which does not exist. 
C. Bernard Crick -  iii. Is a noun but should be an adjective.
D. Cranston - iv. Is nothing but different doctrines in different people's minds.

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 3:
$$A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i$$

This question tests your foundational knowledge of how prominent political theorists have defined and critiqued the complex concept of democracy. Option 3 presents the accurate matching of these quotes to their respective thinkers. **Giovanni Sartori (A)**, a highly influential Italian political scientist, famously argued in his work, particularly *The Theory of Democracy Revisited*, that democracy is often used as a feel-good noun rather than a precise term describing political reality, leading to his observation that "Democracy is a noun but should be an adjective" (A-iii). He sought to refine democratic theory through rigorous logical analysis. **J. R. Lucas (B)**, a British philosopher, offered a highly skeptical and provocative assessment of democracy. His phrase, "High flown name for something which does not exist" (B-ii), suggests that the idealized form of democracy is unattainable or merely rhetorical, reflecting a deep philosophical doubt about its practical implementation or reality. **Maurice Cranston (D)**, another British political theorist, is associated with the quote that democracy is "She is everybody's mistress" (D-i). This metaphor implies that the term "democracy" is promiscuous, allowing anyone—dictators, demagogues, or genuine democrats—to claim allegiance to it for political legitimacy, thereby stripping the term of its substantive meaning. Finally, **Bernard Crick (C)** is known for his defense of politics as a necessary art. His definition that democracy "Is nothing but different doctrines in different people's minds" (C-iv) highlights the diversity and inevitable ideological conflict embedded within democratic discourse, suggesting that democracy is defined not by a single doctrine but by the ongoing political debate among various viewpoints. This specific configuration of intellectual pairings—A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i—is the only one that correctly reflects the recognized scholarly association between these thinkers and their distinct, often critical, conceptualizations of democracy.

The incorrect option is 1:
$$A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv$$
This option incorrectly matches G. Sartori (A) with "She is everybody's mistress" (i) and Bernard Crick (C) with "Is a noun but should be an adjective" (iii). As explained, Sartori is the one who popularized the critique about democracy being an improperly used "noun" (iii), arguing for more precise definitions. Conversely, the quote "She is everybody's mistress" (i) belongs to Cranston, who lamented the political vagueness and overuse of the term. The pairings for A and C are swapped, making this option factually incorrect based on the established canon of political theory.

The incorrect option is 2:
$$A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii$$
This option is incorrect because it fails on all four fronts. It incorrectly attributes the highly skeptical view ("High flown name for something which does not exist," ii) to Sartori (A), whereas this definition belongs to J. R. Lucas (B). It assigns Lucas (B) the idea that democracy is "nothing but different doctrines in different people's minds" (iv), which is Bernard Crick's view. Furthermore, the association of Bernard Crick (C) with Cranston's critique (i) and Cranston (D) with Sartori's definition (iii) are all erroneous. Since none of the matchings align with the known quotes of these thinkers, this option is invalid.

The incorrect option is 4:
$$A-iii, B-iv, C-ii, D-i$$
This option correctly matches G. Sartori (A) with his famous definition, "Is a noun but should be an adjective" (iii), and Cranston (D) with "She is everybody's mistress" (i). However, it incorrectly links J. R. Lucas (B) with Bernard Crick's definition ("Is nothing but different doctrines in different people's minds," iv) and, critically, links Bernard Crick (C) with J. R. Lucas's cynical assessment ("High flown name for something which does not exist," ii). Since the pairs for B and C are misattributed, this option cannot be the correct answer, despite having two correct matches.