Source of power depends on fear, threat and punishment is:

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 1:
Coercive power is directly defined as the power base that relies on the application of fear, threat, or the use of actual or anticipated punishment. This type of power is based on the manager's ability to punish or withhold desired outcomes, such as docking pay, demoting an employee, or issuing verbal reprimands. In a classroom context, think of a principal threatening suspension—this is the application of coercive power. While effective in the short term for ensuring compliance, extensive use of coercive power often leads to low morale, resentment, and turnover, making it generally the least effective base of power for fostering long-term commitment and positive motivation.

The incorrect option is 2:
Legitimate power is fundamentally different, as it is derived from one's formal position or office within an organizational hierarchy. Employees comply because they recognize the authority structure and accept that the manager has the formal right to command, not because they are physically afraid. This power is tied to the title—President, CEO, Department Head—and it disappears if the person is removed from that position. It operates on the principle of internalized duty and is a necessary basis for formal organizations to function.

The incorrect option is 3:
Expert power stems from the possession of unique and valuable knowledge, skills, or expertise. A team member obeys an engineer, for instance, because they trust the engineer's superior technical judgment and not because they fear retribution. It is power based on credibility and competence, earning compliance through respect for superior information. Employees willingly follow the advice of a technical expert, knowing that doing so will likely lead to better outcomes for the task.

The incorrect option is 4:
Referent power is based on the leader's personal characteristics, charisma, and the degree to which others identify with and respect them. This is the power of a role model; subordinates comply because they admire the person and want to please them or emulate their behavior. It is power derived from a desire for association, affection, and loyalty, creating the strongest form of personal influence and organizational commitment, which is the antithesis of the fear-based nature of coercive power.