The ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without reinforcement is called.

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 2:

Social learning, often associated with Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory, is precisely the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions without direct reinforcement. Bandura emphasized that learning can occur through observation, imitation, and modeling, a process known as vicarious learning. In this type of learning, individuals can acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions by watching others, even if they don't personally receive any rewards or punishments for those behaviors. The reinforcement, if any, is observed through the model's experiences (vicarious reinforcement), not directly experienced by the learner during the initial acquisition of the behavior. This differentiates it from other forms of learning where direct reinforcement is a prerequisite for behavior acquisition.

The incorrect option is 1: Contingency

Contingency in learning refers to the relationship between a behavior and its consequence, where the consequence is dependent on the occurrence of the behavior. This concept is fundamental to operant conditioning, where reinforcement or punishment is contingent upon the learner's actions. It directly involves reinforcement and does not align with learning without reinforcement.

The incorrect option is 3: Cognitive learning

Cognitive learning is a broad term that encompasses various learning processes involving mental processes such as memory, perception, problem-solving, and information processing. While social learning has cognitive components, "cognitive learning" itself doesn't specifically highlight the "observing a model or receiving instructions without reinforcement" aspect as its primary definition, nor does it inherently exclude direct reinforcement.

The incorrect option is 4: Instrumental learning

Instrumental learning, also known as operant conditioning, is a type of learning where behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences, i.e., reinforcement or punishment. The term "instrumental" emphasizes that the behavior is instrumental in achieving a desired outcome or avoiding an undesirable one, making direct reinforcement a central component of this learning process. Therefore, it directly contradicts the "without reinforcement" condition of the question.