The five types of Naad "Nakhaj, Vaauj, Charmaj, Lohaj and Shariraj" are mentioned in:

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is 2:
The five types of Naad—Nakhaj, Vayuj, Charmaj, Lohaj, and Shariraj—are a unique and historically significant classification system found in the treatise *Sangeet Makrand*, a major musicological work attributed to the sage Narada. This text offers a classification of musical sound based on the source of its production, providing an instrumental and physical approach to sound. Nakhaj refers to the sound produced by striking the strings with nails or a plectrum/bow, typically for string instruments. Vayuj denotes the sound produced by air, as in wind instruments like the flute (Bansuri). Charmaj is the sound produced from leather or skin, applying to all percussion instruments such as the Tabla or Pakhawaj. Lohaj signifies the sound emanating from metallic objects, like Manjira or Ghanta. Lastly, Shariraj is the sound produced by the human body, referring specifically to vocal music, which is the most highly revered form. This five-fold division by Narada provides a comprehensive way of categorizing the origins of musical sound.

The incorrect options are 1, 3, and 4:
The *Natyashastra* (Option 1) by Bharata Muni is the foundational ancient text that first introduces the fundamental concept of *Naad* but classifies it into a broader, two-part ontological system: *Ahata* (struck) and *Anahata* (unstruck) Naad. It does not contain Narada's detailed five-part classification. *Geet-Govind* (Option 3), authored by Jayadeva, is a celebrated poetical and devotional composition, essentially a collection of lyrical works or *Kavyas*, not a theoretical musical treatise (*Grantha*) that discusses the classification of core musicological concepts like the types of *Naad*. Similarly, *Sangeet Ratnakar* (Option 4) by Sharangdev is a highly detailed and comprehensive text from the medieval period, yet the specific five-part instrumental classification of *Naad* is generally recognized as an original contribution of *Sangeet Makrand* and is not prominently featured in *Sangeet Ratnakar*, which focuses on the established binary division of *Ahata* and *Anahata*.