Which of the following are the characteristics of federal Government ?
(i) Division of Powers
(ii) Supermacy of the Constitution
(iii) Flexible Constitution
(iv) Independent Judiciary
Correct option is :

Question

Which of the following are the characteristics of federal Government ? 
(i) Division of Powers 
(ii) Supermacy of the Constitution 
(iii) Flexible Constitution 
(iv) Independent Judiciary 
Correct option is :

Accepted Answer

Option 3 is the correct answer because it accurately identifies the key characteristics of a federal government. Let's examine each characteristic and explain why they are essential components of federalism:

1. **Division of Powers (i):** In a federal government, power is divided between a central authority and various constituent units (such as states or provinces). This division ensures that both levels of government operate independently within their respective domains, allowing for a balance of power and preventing any single entity from becoming too powerful. This is a fundamental aspect of federalism.

2. **Supremacy of the Constitution (ii):** A federal system is governed by a constitution that is considered the supreme law of the land. This means that all laws and actions by both the central and state governments must conform to the constitution. The supremacy of the constitution ensures that there is a clear legal framework that governs the division of powers and resolves conflicts between different levels of government.

3. **Independent Judiciary (iv):** An independent judiciary is crucial in a federal system to interpret the constitution and adjudicate disputes between the central and state governments. The judiciary acts as a guardian of the constitution, ensuring that both levels of government adhere to their constitutional limits and protecting the rights of individuals.

Now, let's explain why the other options are incorrect:

- **Option 1 (i and ii):** This option is incorrect because it omits the characteristic of an independent judiciary (iv), which is essential for maintaining the rule of law and resolving disputes in a federal system.

- **Option 2 (i, ii, and iii):** This option includes a flexible constitution (iii), which is not typically a characteristic of federal systems. Federal constitutions are usually rigid to ensure stability and prevent frequent changes that could disrupt the balance of power between the central and state governments.

- **Option 4 (i, ii, iii, and iv):** This option is incorrect because it includes the characteristic of a flexible constitution (iii). As mentioned earlier, federal constitutions are generally rigid to maintain the division of powers and uphold the supremacy of the constitution.

In conclusion, Option 3 is the correct answer because it includes the division of powers, supremacy of the constitution, and an independent judiciary, all of which are essential characteristics of a federal government.