Which one of the following is not the type of Niyama in Ashtang Yoga?

Question

Accepted Answer

The correct option is (1):
Non-possessiveness is correctly identified as the option that is not a type of Niyama in Ashtang Yoga. The system of Ashtang Yoga, or the Eight Limbs of Yoga, was codified by the sage Patanjali in the Yoga Sutras, and the Niyamas are the second limb. Non-possessiveness, known in Sanskrit as *Aparigraha*, is actually one of the five **Yamas**, which are the first limb of the system. The Yamas represent the ethical codes of conduct and moral restraints, focusing on a practitioner's interactions with the outside world. *Aparigraha* teaches the restraint of non-greed, non-hoarding, and detachment from possessions, which clearly falls under the external moral guidelines of the Yamas, rather than the internal observances of the Niyamas.

The incorrect option is (2):
Contentment, or *Santosha*, is explicitly one of the five Niyamas. The Niyamas are defined as the personal observances and self-disciplines aimed at improving one's internal spiritual world. *Santosha* teaches the yogi to be content and accepting of whatever they have and whatever circumstances arise, without desiring more or comparing themselves to others. This fundamental internal practice of cultivating happiness from within is essential for purifying the mind and is a core component of the Niyama limb.

The incorrect option is (3):
Austerity, or *Tapas*, is the third of the five Niyamas. The Sanskrit word *Tapas* literally translates to 'to heat' or 'to burn,' and it signifies the self-discipline, sustained focus, and determined effort required for the purification of the body and mind. This can manifest as rigorous adherence to one's yoga and meditation practices or observing a dedicated fast. Because *Tapas* is a direct personal observance aimed at self-mastery and creating the spiritual 'heat' needed for transformation, it is firmly classified as a Niyama.

The incorrect option is (4):
Cultivation of faith is a common interpretation of *Ishvara Pranidhana*, which is the fifth and final Niyama. *Ishvara Pranidhana* means "surrender to a higher power" or "dedication to God." This practice encourages the yogi to let go of their ego's desire to control the outcomes of their efforts, dedicating their actions to a Universal Self or benevolent force. Cultivating this sense of faith and devotion is a profound internal discipline that leads to a state of peace and freedom from worry, thus completing the five internal practices of the Niyamas.