HTET Exam Level 2 TGT

मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी की रचना 'पद्मावत' अवधी भाषा में है। आइए इसे विस्तार से समझते हैं:

1. अवधी भाषा में 'पद्मावत':

   • मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी एक प्रसिद्ध सूफी कवि थे जिन्होंने 'पद्मावत' की रचना की। यह महाकाव्य 16वीं शताब्दी में लिखा गया था और अवधी भाषा में रचित है। अवधी भाषा उत्तर प्रदेश के अवध क्षेत्र में बोली जाती है और यह हिंदी की एक प्रमुख बोली है। जायसी ने अवधी भाषा का उपयोग करके अपनी रचना को सरल और प्रभावशाली बनाया, जिससे यह आम जनता के बीच लोकप्रिय हो गई।

2. अन्य विकल्पों की अस्वीकृति:

   • खड़ी बोली: खड़ी बोली आधुनिक हिंदी की आधारशिला है, लेकिन 'पद्मावत' के समय में यह साहित्यिक रचनाओं के लिए प्रमुख भाषा नहीं थी। इसलिए, खड़ी बोली में 'पद्मावत' की रचना नहीं हुई।
   • राजस्थानी: राजस्थानी भाषा राजस्थान क्षेत्र की प्रमुख भाषा है। हालांकि, 'पद्मावत' की कथा राजस्थान की पृष्ठभूमि पर आधारित है, लेकिन इसकी रचना अवधी भाषा में हुई थी, न कि राजस्थानी में।
   • ब्रज भाषा: ब्रज भाषा का उपयोग विशेष रूप से कृष्ण भक्ति साहित्य में होता है और यह ब्रज क्षेत्र में प्रचलित है। 'पद्मावत' की रचना ब्रज भाषा में नहीं, बल्कि अवधी में हुई थी।

इस प्रकार, मलिक मुहम्मद जायसी की रचना 'पद्मावत' अवधी भाषा में है, और यही कारण है कि विकल्प 3 सही है।

आदिकाल के संदर्भ में दिए गए विकल्पों में से विकल्प 1 को असंगत माना गया है। आइए इसे विस्तार से समझते हैं:

1. विकल्प 1: आदिकाल की अंतिम समय-सीमा के निर्धारण बिंदु पर सभी इतिहासकार एकमत हैं।

   • यह कथन असंगत है क्योंकि आदिकाल की समय-सीमा के निर्धारण पर इतिहासकारों में एकमत नहीं है। विभिन्न विद्वानों ने आदिकाल की समय-सीमा को लेकर अलग-अलग विचार प्रस्तुत किए हैं। कुछ विद्वान इसे 10वीं से 12वीं शताब्दी के बीच मानते हैं, जबकि अन्य इसे 8वीं से 12वीं शताब्दी के बीच मानते हैं। इस प्रकार, इस विषय पर सर्वसम्मति का अभाव है।

2. विकल्प 2: राहुल सांकृत्यायन ने इसे 'सिद्ध सामन्त युग' एवं महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी ने 'बीजवपनकाल' कहा है।

   • यह कथन सही है। राहुल सांकृत्यायन और महावीर प्रसाद द्विवेदी ने आदिकाल को इन विशेषणों से संबोधित किया है, जो उस समय की साहित्यिक और सांस्कृतिक गतिविधियों को दर्शाते हैं।

3. विकल्प 3: ‘रिट्ठणेमिचरिउ’ स्वयंभू द्वारा एवं ‘णयकुमारचरिउ’ पुष्पदंत द्वारा रचित कृतियाँ हैं।

   • यह कथन भी सही है। ‘रिट्ठणेमिचरिउ’ और ‘णयकुमारचरिउ’ क्रमशः स्वयंभू और पुष्पदंत की रचनाएँ हैं, जो आदिकाल के साहित्यिक योगदान का हिस्सा हैं।

4. विकल्प 4: ‘लुइपा’ का स्थान चौरासी सिद्धों में सबसे ऊँचा माना जाता है।

   • यह कथन भी सही है। लुइपा को चौरासी सिद्धों में एक प्रमुख स्थान प्राप्त है और उन्हें उच्च स्थान पर माना जाता है।

इस प्रकार, विकल्प 1 को असंगत माना गया है क्योंकि आदिकाल की समय-सीमा के निर्धारण पर इतिहासकारों में एकमत नहीं है, जबकि अन्य विकल्प सही और संगत हैं।

Option 3 is the correct answer because the word "Duck" belongs to the feminine gender. Here's a detailed explanation:

1. Explanation for Option 3 (Only (c)):

   • "Duck" is the term used for the female of the species in the context of waterfowl. In gender-specific terms, "duck" refers to the female, while "drake" refers to the male. Therefore, "Duck" is correctly identified as a word belonging to the feminine gender.

2. Explanation for why other options are incorrect:

   • Option 1 ((a) and (b)):
     • "Parent" is a gender-neutral term and does not specifically denote feminine gender. It can refer to either a mother or a father.
     • "Wizard" is traditionally a term used for a male practitioner of magic. The feminine counterpart is "witch" or "sorceress."
   • Option 2 (Only (b)):
     • As mentioned, "Wizard" is associated with the masculine gender, not feminine. Therefore, it cannot be the correct choice for a word belonging to the feminine gender.
   • Option 4 ((a), (b), and (d)):
     • "Parent" is gender-neutral, and "Wizard" is masculine, as explained above.
     • "Drake" is specifically the term for a male duck, making it masculine rather than feminine.

By focusing on the specific gender associations of each word, it is clear that "Duck" is the only word among the options that belongs to the feminine gender, thus making Option 3 the correct answer.

Option 1, "These, Those," is the correct answer for filling in the blanks in the sentence: "_____ are the old classrooms. _____ are the new ones."

1. Explanation for Option 1:

   • "These" is used to refer to things that are near in space or time. In the context of the sentence, "These are the old classrooms," it implies that the old classrooms are nearby or being directly pointed out.
   • "Those" is used to refer to things that are farther away in space or time. In the sentence, "Those are the new ones," it suggests that the new classrooms are at a distance or being contrasted with the old ones.
   • The use of "These" and "Those" together effectively distinguishes between two sets of classrooms, one being closer or more immediate (the old ones) and the other being farther or different (the new ones).

2. Explanation for why other options are incorrect:

   • Option 2: "This, Those"

     • "This" is singular and is used to refer to a single item that is near. Since "classrooms" is plural, "This" is not appropriate for the first blank. The sentence requires a plural determiner to match the plural noun "classrooms."

   • Option 3: "These, This"

     • While "These" is correct for the first blank, "This" is incorrect for the second blank because "This" is singular. The sentence structure suggests a comparison between two groups of classrooms, both of which are plural, so "This" does not fit the context.

   • Option 4: "These, Either"

     • "Either" is used to refer to one of two options and is not suitable for the context of the sentence, which is comparing two groups of classrooms. "Either" does not convey the intended meaning of distinguishing between two sets of plural items.

In conclusion, Option 1, "These, Those," is the correct choice because it appropriately uses plural determiners to distinguish between two groups of classrooms, aligning with the context and grammatical structure of the sentence.

Option 1 is the correct answer because it accurately identifies the verbs or verb phrases in the given sentence. Let's break down the sentence to understand why these words are considered verbs or verb phrases:

1. was searching: This is a verb phrase. "Was" is an auxiliary verb, and "searching" is the main verb. Together, they form the past continuous tense, indicating an ongoing action in the past.

2. dug: This is a simple past tense verb. It describes a completed action that occurred in the past.

3. stared: This is also a simple past tense verb. It indicates another completed action in the past.

4. recommenced: This is a simple past tense verb. It describes the action of starting again, which is completed in the past.

Now, let's explain why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 2: This option lists "furiously," "ineffectually," "ruefully," and "searching." However, "furiously," "ineffectually," and "ruefully" are adverbs, not verbs. They describe how an action is performed but are not actions themselves. "Searching" is a verb, but without the auxiliary "was," it does not form a complete verb phrase in the context of the sentence.

• Option 3: This option includes "elusive," "non-existent," "recommenced," and "searching." "Elusive" and "non-existent" are adjectives, not verbs. They describe nouns but do not indicate actions. "Recommenced" is correctly identified as a verb, but "searching" alone, without "was," does not form a complete verb phrase in this context.

• Option 4: This option lists "was searching," "furiously," "ineffectually," and "searching." While "was searching" is correctly identified as a verb phrase, "furiously" and "ineffectually" are adverbs, not verbs. Additionally, "searching" without "was" does not form a complete verb phrase in this context.

In conclusion, Option 1 correctly identifies all the verbs and verb phrases in the sentence, making it the correct choice.

Option 1 is the correct answer because it arranges the adjectives in a logical and grammatically correct order based on the conventional sequence of adjectives in English. The order of adjectives typically follows the pattern: opinion, size, age, shape, color, origin, material, and purpose. In this sentence, the adjectives are arranged as follows:

1. Disgusting (opinion): This adjective expresses a subjective judgment about the jacket, indicating that it is unpleasant or offensive in appearance or quality.

2. Illfitting (size/condition): This adjective describes the fit or condition of the jacket, indicating that it does not fit well.

3. Plastic (material): This adjective describes the material from which the jacket is made.

For the bazaar, the adjectives are arranged as follows:

1. Busy (opinion): This adjective gives a subjective description of the bazaar, suggesting it is crowded or bustling.

2. Local (origin): This adjective indicates that the bazaar is from the local area.

3. Sunday (time): This adjective specifies the time or occasion when the bazaar takes place.

Now, let's explain why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 2: "Illfitting, disgusting, plastic, Sunday, local, busy" does not follow the conventional order of adjectives. "Illfitting" should not precede "disgusting" because opinion adjectives typically come before condition adjectives. Additionally, "Sunday" should not precede "local" and "busy" because time-related adjectives usually come after origin and opinion adjectives.

• Option 3: "Plastic, illfitting, disgusting, busy, Sunday, local" incorrectly places "plastic" before the opinion and condition adjectives, which disrupts the natural flow of description. Similarly, "Sunday" is placed before "local" and "busy," which is not the correct order.

• Option 4: "Local, plastic, illfitting, busy, disgusting, Sunday" incorrectly places "local" and "plastic" before the opinion and condition adjectives for the jacket. For the bazaar, "disgusting" should not come after "busy" as it is an opinion adjective and should precede the others.

In conclusion, Option 1 correctly follows the conventional order of adjectives, making it the appropriate choice for the sentence.

Option 1, "perfunctorily," is the correct choice to fill in the blank in the sentence: "He disliked his job heartily, and therefore it was no surprise that he discharged his duties so _____."

1. Explanation for Option 1: Perfunctorily

   • The word "perfunctorily" means performing a task with minimal effort or reflection, often out of a sense of duty rather than interest or enthusiasm. In the context of the sentence, the subject dislikes his job, which suggests a lack of motivation or interest in performing his duties. Therefore, it is logical that he would carry out his responsibilities in a perfunctory manner, doing only what is necessary without any extra effort or engagement. This aligns perfectly with the sentiment expressed in the sentence.

2. Explanation for why other options are incorrect:

   • Option 2: Dogmatically

     • "Dogmatically" refers to asserting opinions in an authoritative or arrogant manner, often without consideration for evidence or the opinions of others. This does not fit the context of the sentence, as it does not relate to the manner in which duties are performed when one dislikes their job. The sentence implies a lack of enthusiasm, not an authoritative assertion of opinions.

   • Option 3: Sardonically

     • "Sardonically" means doing something in a mocking or cynical manner. While it might suggest a negative attitude, it does not accurately describe the way duties are performed when someone dislikes their job. The sentence focuses on the lack of effort or care, rather than a mocking or cynical approach.

   • Option 4: Wantonly

     • "Wantonly" means doing something in a reckless or deliberate manner without regard for consequences. This does not fit the context of the sentence, as it implies a level of intentionality or recklessness that is not suggested by the dislike of the job. The sentence implies a lack of care or effort, not reckless behavior.

In conclusion, "perfunctorily" is the most appropriate word to fill in the blank, as it accurately reflects the lack of enthusiasm and minimal effort associated with performing duties when one dislikes their job.

1. Explanation for Option 4 ("from"):

The preposition "from" is used to indicate the source or origin of something. In the context of recovery, "from" is the appropriate preposition to use because it denotes the condition or situation that one is recovering out of or away from. When someone recovers from an illness, they are moving away from the state of being ill. Therefore, "He has not yet recovered from his illness" correctly uses "from" to indicate the illness as the source of the condition from which he is recovering.

2. Explanation for why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1 ("over"): The preposition "over" is typically used to indicate movement across a surface or a period of time. It does not convey the idea of recovering from a condition or state. Using "over" in this context would be incorrect because it does not appropriately indicate the source of recovery.

• Option 2 ("in"): The preposition "in" is generally used to indicate location or position within something. It does not fit the context of recovery, as it does not suggest moving away from a condition. "In" would imply being inside the illness, which is not the intended meaning.

• Option 3 ("at"): The preposition "at" is used to indicate a specific point or location. It does not convey the idea of recovering from a condition. Using "at" in this context would be incorrect because it does not appropriately indicate the source or origin of recovery.

In summary, "from" is the correct preposition to use in this context because it accurately indicates the source of the condition from which recovery is taking place. The other options do not convey this meaning and are therefore incorrect.

The correct preposition to fill in the blank is "with," making the sentence: "I shall do it with pleasure."

1. Explanation for Option 2 ("with"):

   • The phrase "with pleasure" is a common expression in English used to indicate that someone is happy or willing to do something. The preposition "with" is used to express the manner or attitude in which an action is performed. In this context, "with pleasure" conveys that the speaker is pleased to undertake the task, aligning perfectly with the intended meaning of the sentence.

2. Explanation for why the other options are incorrect:

   • Option 1 ("in"):

     • The preposition "in" is typically used to indicate location, time, or condition. While "in pleasure" might suggest being in a state of pleasure, it does not convey the same willingness or eagerness to perform an action as "with pleasure" does. Therefore, it does not fit the context of the sentence.

   • Option 3 ("about"):

     • "About" is generally used to indicate a topic or subject of discussion. It does not fit the context of expressing the manner or attitude towards performing an action. "About pleasure" would imply discussing or considering pleasure, which is not the intended meaning here.

   • Option 4 ("over"):

     • The preposition "over" is often used to indicate movement or position above something, or to express a period of time. It does not logically fit in the context of expressing the manner in which an action is performed. "Over pleasure" does not convey the intended meaning of willingness or eagerness.

In conclusion, "with" is the correct preposition to use in this context because it accurately conveys the speaker's willingness and positive attitude towards performing the action, which is the intended meaning of the sentence.

Option 3 is the correct answer because it identifies the sentences where the word 'after' is used as a preposition. Let's analyze each sentence to understand why this is the case:

1. Sentence (a): "They arrived after us."

   • In this sentence, 'after' is used as a preposition. It shows the relationship between 'they arrived' and 'us,' indicating the sequence of events. The word 'us' is the object of the preposition 'after.'

2. Sentence (b): "They arrived after we had left."

   • In this sentence, 'after' is used as a conjunction, not a preposition. It connects two clauses: 'They arrived' and 'we had left.' Therefore, it does not fit the criteria for 'after' being used as a preposition.

3. Sentence (c): "I went for a short walk after dinner."

   • Here, 'after' is used as a preposition. It indicates the relationship between 'I went for a short walk' and 'dinner,' specifying the time sequence. 'Dinner' is the object of the preposition 'after.'

4. Sentence (d): "After he finished his studies, he went to America."

   • In this sentence, 'after' is used as a conjunction. It connects the clause 'he finished his studies' with 'he went to America.' Thus, it is not used as a preposition here.

Now, let's explain why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: Only (a)

  • This option is incorrect because it only identifies sentence (a) as using 'after' as a preposition, missing sentence (c), which also uses 'after' as a preposition.

• Option 2: (a) and (b)

  • This option is incorrect because it includes sentence (b), where 'after' is used as a conjunction, not a preposition.

• Option 4: (b) and (d)

  • This option is incorrect because both sentences (b) and (d) use 'after' as a conjunction, not as a preposition.

Therefore, Option 3 is the correct answer as it accurately identifies sentences (a) and (c) where 'after' is used as a preposition.

The sentence in question is: "I shall not go _____ I am invited." The task is to choose the appropriate conjunction to fill in the blank, and the correct answer is Option 2: "unless."

1. Explanation for Option 2 ("unless"):

   • "Unless" is a conjunction used to introduce a conditional clause, meaning "except if." In this context, it sets a condition for the action of going. The sentence "I shall not go unless I am invited" means that the speaker will only go if they receive an invitation. This use of "unless" effectively conveys the condition that the speaker's action (going) is dependent on being invited, which aligns perfectly with the intended meaning of the sentence.

2. Explanation for why the other options are incorrect:

   • Option 1 ("and"):

     • "And" is a conjunction used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that are similar or related in meaning. It suggests addition rather than a condition. If we use "and" in the sentence, it would read "I shall not go and I am invited," which implies that both actions (not going and being invited) are happening simultaneously. This does not make logical sense in the context of the sentence, as it does not establish the conditional relationship intended.

   • Option 3 ("but"):

     • "But" is a conjunction used to introduce a contrast or exception. If we use "but" in the sentence, it would read "I shall not go but I am invited," which suggests a contradiction between the two clauses. This does not fit the intended meaning of the sentence, as it does not express the conditional requirement of being invited in order to go.

   • Option 4 ("there"):

     • "There" is not a conjunction; it is typically used as an adverb or pronoun to indicate a place or position. Using "there" in the sentence would result in "I shall not go there I am invited," which is grammatically incorrect and nonsensical in this context. It does not serve the purpose of connecting the clauses in a meaningful way.

In conclusion, Option 2 ("unless") is the correct choice because it appropriately establishes the conditional relationship required by the sentence, indicating that the speaker will only go if they are invited. The other options fail to convey this conditional meaning and are therefore incorrect.

Option 4 is the correct answer because it does not contain a gerund or a gerundial phrase. A gerund is a verb form that ends in "-ing" and functions as a noun. In Option 4, "Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded admission," the word "knocking" is not used as a noun; instead, it functions as a present participle, which is part of a participial phrase describing the subject "he." Therefore, this sentence does not contain a gerund or a gerundial phrase.

Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect:

1. Option 1: "Finding a good job is becoming more and more difficult nowadays." In this sentence, "Finding a good job" is a gerundial phrase. "Finding" is a gerund because it acts as the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

2. Option 2: "Spreading rumours is an anti-social activity." Here, "Spreading rumours" is a gerundial phrase. "Spreading" is a gerund because it serves as the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

3. Option 3: "The slamming of the doors had aroused mother." In this sentence, "The slamming of the doors" is a gerundial phrase. "Slamming" is a gerund because it acts as the subject of the sentence, functioning as a noun.

In summary, Options 1, 2, and 3 all contain gerunds or gerundial phrases, while Option 4 does not, making it the correct answer.

Option 4 is the correct answer because both (c) "serve" and (d) "seize" are verbs. Let's break down why this is the case and why the other options are incorrect:

1. Explanation for Option 4:

   • Serve: This is a verb that means to perform duties or services for another person or an organization. It can also mean to present food or drink to someone.
   • Seize: This is a verb that means to take hold of something suddenly and forcibly. It can also mean to take possession of something quickly.

   Both "serve" and "seize" are actions, which is the defining characteristic of verbs. Therefore, Option 4, which includes both (c) and (d), is correct.

2. Explanation for why other options are incorrect:

   • Option 1 (Only (a)): The word "vain" is an adjective, not a verb. It describes someone who has an excessively high opinion of their appearance, abilities, or worth.
   • Option 2 ((a) and (b)): As mentioned, "vain" is an adjective. Additionally, "agent" is a noun, not a verb. It refers to a person who acts on behalf of another person or group.
   • Option 3 ((b) and (c)): While "serve" is indeed a verb, "agent" is a noun. Therefore, this option is incorrect because it includes a noun instead of two verbs.

By focusing on the grammatical function of each word, we can see that Option 4 correctly identifies the verbs in the list, making it the correct choice.

Option 4, "Human," is the correct answer because it is not an abstract noun. Abstract nouns refer to intangible concepts, ideas, or qualities that cannot be perceived with the five senses. They represent things that do not have a physical presence.

1. Explanation for Option 4 (Human):

   • "Human" is a concrete noun, not an abstract noun. It refers to a person, a being that can be seen, touched, and interacted with physically. Concrete nouns are the opposite of abstract nouns because they denote things that have a physical form and can be experienced through the senses.

2. Explanation for why the other options are incorrect:

   • Option 1 (Laughter): Laughter is an abstract noun because it represents the concept or act of laughing, which is an intangible experience. While you can hear laughter, the concept itself cannot be touched or seen.
   • Option 2 (Judgement): Judgement is an abstract noun as it refers to the ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions. It is an idea or quality that cannot be physically perceived.
   • Option 3 (Childhood): Childhood is an abstract noun because it denotes the period or state of being a child, which is a concept rather than a physical entity. It represents a stage of life, not something tangible.

In summary, Option 4, "Human," is the correct answer because it is a concrete noun, unlike the other options, which are abstract nouns representing intangible concepts or qualities.

The word "while" in the sentence "They while away their evenings with books and games" is identified as a verb, which is why Option 1 is correct. Here is a detailed explanation supporting this:

1. Explanation for Option 1 (Verb):

   • In this context, "while" is used as a verb meaning to pass time in a leisurely manner. The phrase "while away" is a common expression where "while" functions as a verb, indicating the action of spending time. The sentence describes an activity that the subject (they) engages in, which is a characteristic function of verbs. Therefore, "while" is correctly identified as a verb in this sentence.

2. Explanation for why other options are incorrect:

   • Option 2 (Adjective):

     • An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. In the sentence, "while" does not describe or modify any noun. It is not providing any additional information about a noun, which is the primary role of an adjective. Therefore, "while" cannot be classified as an adjective in this context.

   • Option 3 (Adverb):

     • An adverb typically modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, often indicating manner, place, time, or degree. In this sentence, "while" does not modify any verb, adjective, or adverb. Instead, it is the main verb of the phrase "while away," which describes the action of spending time. Hence, it is not functioning as an adverb here.

   • Option 4 (Preposition):

     • A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence, often indicating relationships of time, place, or direction. "While" in this sentence does not serve to link any nouns or pronouns to other parts of the sentence. It is not establishing any relational context, which is the primary function of a preposition. Therefore, it cannot be considered a preposition in this usage.

In conclusion, the word "while" in the given sentence is correctly identified as a verb, as it describes the action of spending time, aligning with the definition and function of verbs. This supports Option 1 as the correct answer.

Option 3 is the correct answer because the '-ing' word "exciting" is used as an adjective in the sentence "He showed us some exciting photographs." In this context, "exciting" describes the noun "photographs," indicating the nature or quality of the photographs. Adjectives are words that modify nouns, providing more information about them, and in this sentence, "exciting" serves this purpose by describing what kind of photographs were shown.

Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect:

1. In the sentence "The long speech was boring the pupils," the '-ing' word "boring" is used as a part of the verb phrase "was boring," which describes the action being performed by the speech. Here, "boring" is not functioning as an adjective but as a verb, indicating the action of causing boredom.

2. In the sentence "She was standing on the platform whistling," the '-ing' word "whistling" is part of the verb phrase "was whistling," which describes the action being performed by "she." Again, "whistling" is functioning as a verb, not as an adjective.

3. In the sentence "The magician was entertaining the audience," the '-ing' word "entertaining" is part of the verb phrase "was entertaining," which describes the action being performed by the magician. Here, "entertaining" is used as a verb, indicating the action of providing entertainment.

In summary, Option 3 is the correct choice because "exciting" is used as an adjective to describe the noun "photographs," whereas in the other options, the '-ing' words are used as verbs, describing actions rather than modifying nouns.

1. Explanation for Option 2 (came, was):

Option 2 is the correct answer because it uses the past simple tense for both verbs, which is appropriate for describing actions and states that occurred in the past. The sentence "When I first came to this house, it was a very quiet area" indicates that both the action of coming to the house and the state of the area being quiet happened at a specific time in the past. The past simple tense is used to describe completed actions or situations that are no longer true in the present, which fits the context of the sentence perfectly.

2. Explanation for why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1 (comes, is): This option uses the present simple tense for both verbs. The present simple tense is used for habitual actions or general truths, not for specific past events. Since the sentence refers to a specific time in the past when the speaker first came to the house, the present simple tense is inappropriate.

• Option 3 (coming, is): This option uses the present continuous tense for the first verb and the present simple tense for the second verb. The present continuous tense is used for actions happening right now or around the current time, which does not fit the context of the sentence that refers to a past event. Additionally, the use of the present simple tense for "is" suggests a current state, which contradicts the past context of the sentence.

• Option 4 (come, are): This option uses the base form of the verb "come" and the present simple tense for "are." The base form is not appropriate for indicating a past action, and the present simple tense for "are" suggests a current state, which does not align with the past context of the sentence. The sentence requires a past tense to accurately describe the past event and state.

In summary, Option 2 correctly uses the past simple tense to describe both the action and the state in the past, making it the appropriate choice for the sentence.

Option 1, "tried, heard," is the correct answer because it uses the simple past tense, which is appropriate for describing actions that were completed in the past. In this sentence, both actions—Peter trying to come in quietly and his mother hearing him—are events that occurred at a specific time in the past. The simple past tense is used to indicate that these actions are completed and are not ongoing or habitual.

1. Explanation for Option 1:

   • "Tried" is the simple past tense of "try," indicating that Peter's attempt to come in quietly happened at a specific time in the past and is now complete.
   • "Heard" is the simple past tense of "hear," showing that Peter's mother heard him at that same specific time in the past. The use of the simple past tense for both verbs aligns the actions as completed events in the past.

2. Explanation for why other options are incorrect:

   • Option 2: "trying, hears"

     • "Trying" is the present participle form, which is not appropriate here because it suggests an ongoing action, not a completed one. "Hears" is the simple present tense, which is used for habitual actions or general truths, not specific past events.

   • Option 3: "was trying, was hearing"

     • Both verbs are in the past continuous tense, which is used to describe actions that were ongoing in the past. However, the context of the sentence suggests completed actions rather than ongoing ones. The past continuous tense would imply that the actions were in progress, which does not fit the context of the sentence.

   • Option 4: "is trying, hears"

     • "Is trying" is the present continuous tense, indicating an action currently in progress, and "hears" is the simple present tense. Both are inappropriate for describing past events, as the sentence clearly refers to actions that have already been completed.

In conclusion, Option 1 is the correct choice because it accurately uses the simple past tense to describe two completed actions that occurred in the past.

Option 2 is the correct answer because it identifies sentences (a) and (c) as instances where 'ought to' indicates 'advisability or desirability.'

1. Explanation for Option 2:

   • Sentence (a): "You ought to buy new tyres for your car; you may have an accident." Here, 'ought to' is used to advise someone to buy new tyres to prevent a potential accident. This clearly indicates advisability, as it suggests a prudent course of action to avoid danger.
   • Sentence (c): "There ought to be more goods available in this shop; it is supposed to be a supermarket." In this sentence, 'ought to' expresses a desirable situation where more goods should be available, aligning with the expectations of a supermarket. This reflects desirability, as it suggests an ideal state of affairs.

2. Explanation for why other options are incorrect:

   • Option 1 (Only (b)): Sentence (b) states, "We ought to help those people who are old and sick." While this sentence does express a moral obligation or duty, it is more about ethical responsibility rather than advisability or desirability in a practical sense. Therefore, it does not fit the specific criteria of advisability or desirability as clearly as sentences (a) and (c).
   • Option 3 ((b) and (c)): As explained above, sentence (b) does not primarily indicate advisability or desirability. While sentence (c) does fit the criteria, pairing it with sentence (b) does not fully align with the specific focus on advisability or desirability.
   • Option 4 ((a), (b), and (d)): Sentence (d) states, "He left Delhi yesterday, so he ought to be here tomorrow." In this context, 'ought to' is used to express a logical expectation or prediction rather than advisability or desirability. Therefore, including sentence (d) in the answer does not meet the criteria of advisability or desirability.

In conclusion, Option 2 correctly identifies sentences (a) and (c) as those where 'ought to' indicates advisability or desirability, making it the correct choice.

To transform the sentence "Bees make honey" from active to passive voice, we need to follow a specific structure. In passive voice, the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. The verb form is also adjusted to accommodate the passive structure, typically using a form of "to be" followed by the past participle of the main verb.

1. Explanation for Option 4: "Honey is made by bees"

   • This option correctly transforms the active sentence into passive voice. In the active sentence, "bees" is the subject, "make" is the verb, and "honey" is the object. In the passive sentence, "honey" becomes the subject, "is made" is the correct passive verb form (using "is" as the form of "to be" for present tense and "made" as the past participle of "make"), and "by bees" indicates the agent performing the action. This structure accurately reflects the passive voice transformation.

2. Explanation for why the other options are incorrect:

   • Option 1: "Honey is make by bees"

     • This option is incorrect because it uses the wrong verb form. "Make" is not the past participle of "make." The correct past participle is "made," which is used in Option 4. Therefore, the verb form in Option 1 is grammatically incorrect for passive voice.

   • Option 2: "Bees are making honey"

     • This option is incorrect because it is not in passive voice. It retains the active voice structure, with "bees" as the subject and "are making" as the present continuous verb form. The task requires changing the sentence to passive voice, which Option 2 does not accomplish.

   • Option 3: "Honey are made by bees"

     • This option is incorrect due to subject-verb agreement. "Honey" is a singular noun, so it should be paired with the singular verb "is" rather than the plural "are." The correct verb form, as used in Option 4, is "is made."

In conclusion, Option 4, "Honey is made by bees," is the only option that correctly transforms the active sentence into passive voice while maintaining proper grammatical structure and subject-verb agreement.