HTET Exam Level 3 PGT

The correct option is 1:

The Natural Rate of Unemployment (NRU) is a foundational concept in macroeconomics, often defined as the lowest rate of unemployment an economy can sustain without causing accelerating inflation. It represents the unemployment level when the economy is in long-run equilibrium, meaning all cyclical unemployment (unemployment due to economic downturns) has been eliminated. At this rate, the number of job seekers roughly equals the number of job openings, and the labor market is balanced. Since the NRU reflects structural and frictional unemployment—which exist even in a healthy economy—it is also known by the acronym NAIRU (Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment). Thus, when unemployment is at its natural rate, inflationary pressures caused by a tight labor market are absent, leading to a stable rate of inflation.

The incorrect option is 2:
Rate of inflation is unstable. If the rate of inflation is unstable, it implies the economy is not at its long-run equilibrium (NRU). Accelerating or decelerating inflation indicates that actual unemployment is deviating significantly from the NRU.

The incorrect option is 3:
Rate of inflation is falling. A falling rate of inflation (disinflation) typically occurs when the actual rate of unemployment is above the NRU. This suggests the economy is operating below its full potential, leading to slack in the labor market and reduced wage pressures.

The incorrect option is 4:
Rate of inflation is rising. A rising or accelerating rate of inflation occurs when the actual rate of unemployment is below the NRU. This "overheating" of the labor market leads to tight conditions, forcing employers to raise wages, which subsequently pushes up prices and causes inflation to accelerate.

The correct option is 1:

बेरोजगारी की प्राकृतिक दर (Natural Rate of Unemployment), जिसे अर्थशास्त्र में मुद्रास्फीति की त्वरित न होने वाली बेरोजगारी दर (NAIRU - Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment) के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, वह सैद्धांतिक दर है जिस पर अर्थव्यवस्था अपनी दीर्घकालिक क्षमता के अनुरूप कार्य कर रही होती है। इस दर पर, श्रम बाजार संतुलन में होता है, जिसका अर्थ है कि चक्रीय बेरोजगारी (Cyclical Unemployment) शून्य होती है और अर्थव्यवस्था में केवल संरचनात्मक (Structural) और घर्षणात्मक (Frictional) बेरोजगारी ही मौजूद होती है। NAIRU की केंद्रीय परिभाषा फिलिप्स वक्र (Phillips Curve) से जुड़ी है, जो दर्शाती है कि जब बेरोजगारी इस प्राकृतिक दर पर होती है, तो कीमतों और मजदूरी पर ऊपर या नीचे की ओर कोई अतिरिक्त दबाव नहीं पड़ता है। इसलिए, यह वह दर है जिस पर मुद्रास्फीति की दर स्थिर बनी रहती है।

The incorrect option is 2:
मुद्रास्फीति की दर अस्थिर होती है: यदि मुद्रास्फीति की दर अस्थिर होती है, तो इसका मतलब है कि अर्थव्यवस्था NAIRU पर नहीं है। अस्थिरता तब आती है जब वास्तविक बेरोजगारी दर NAIRU से भटक जाती है, जिससे कीमतों में लगातार तेजी या गिरावट आती है।

The incorrect option is 3:
मुद्रास्फीति की दर घटती है: मुद्रास्फीति की दर तब घटती है जब वास्तविक बेरोजगारी दर प्राकृतिक दर से अधिक होती है। इस स्थिति में, अतिरिक्त श्रम आपूर्ति के कारण मजदूरी और कीमतें नीचे की ओर दबाव डालती हैं, जिससे मुद्रास्फीति धीमी हो जाती है (या अवस्फीति होती है)।

The incorrect option is 4:
मुद्रास्फीति की दर बढ़ती है: मुद्रास्फीति की दर तब बढ़ती है जब वास्तविक बेरोजगारी दर प्राकृतिक दर से कम होती है। इस स्थिति में, श्रम की मांग आपूर्ति से अधिक हो जाती है, जिससे मजदूरी और कीमतें तेज़ी से बढ़ती हैं, और मुद्रास्फीति में वृद्धि होती है।

The correct option is 2:

Conventional sources of energy are those that have been widely used for a long time and are generally exhaustible (non-renewable), commercially available, and utilized globally on a large scale in industries and households. These sources, primarily fossil fuels, form the backbone of current energy infrastructure. Solar Energy, however, is categorized as a non-conventional or renewable source of energy. Non-conventional sources are newer energy technologies, often derived from nature, which are inexhaustible and sustainable, such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy. Therefore, Solar Energy is the correct answer because it does not fit the definition of a conventional energy source.

The incorrect option is 1:
Coal is a fossil fuel that has been the primary energy source since the Industrial Revolution. Since it is widely used, depletable (non-renewable), and has a long history of commercial use, it is definitively a conventional source of energy.

The incorrect option is 3:
Petroleum (crude oil) is a major fossil fuel globally, used extensively for transport fuel and generating electricity. Due to its long-term, large-scale commercial use and its status as an exhaustible resource, Petroleum is classified as a conventional source of energy.

The incorrect option is 4:
Natural Gas is another fossil fuel, often found in association with petroleum deposits. Although cleaner than coal or oil, it is still a depletable fossil fuel that has been a conventional source of energy for decades, used widely for heating, cooking, and power generation.

The correct option is 2:

ऊर्जा स्रोतों को मुख्य रूप से दो श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया जाता है: पारंपरिक (Conventional) और गैर-पारंपरिक (Non-conventional)। पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोत वे हैं जो लंबे समय से उपयोग किए जा रहे हैं और जिनका भंडार सीमित है तथा जो पर्यावरण को प्रदूषित करते हैं, जैसे जीवाश्म ईंधन। इसके विपरीत, गैर-पारंपरिक स्रोत वे हैं जिनका उपयोग हाल ही में शुरू हुआ है, जो अक्षय (नवीकरणीय) हैं और पर्यावरण के लिए अधिक स्वच्छ माने जाते हैं। 'सौर ऊर्जा' (Solar Energy) सूर्य से प्राप्त होने वाली ऊर्जा है, जो असीमित, प्रदूषण-मुक्त और नवीकरणीय है। इसलिए, यह ऊर्जा का एक गैर-पारंपरिक स्रोत है, और यही कारण है कि यह प्रश्न के अनुरूप है ("पारंपरिक स्रोत नहीं है")। भारत सहित पूरे विश्व में अब ऊर्जा सुरक्षा और जलवायु परिवर्तन से निपटने के लिए सौर ऊर्जा जैसे गैर-पारंपरिक स्रोतों पर जोर दिया जा रहा है।

The incorrect option is 1:
कोयला (Coal) एक जीवाश्म ईंधन है जिसका उपयोग बिजली उत्पादन और उद्योगों में सदियों से किया जा रहा है। यह एक सीमित, अनवीकरणीय संसाधन है और ऊर्जा का सबसे प्रमुख पारंपरिक स्रोत है।

The incorrect option is 3:
पेट्रोलियम (Petroleum) भी एक जीवाश्म ईंधन है जिसका उपयोग परिवहन और उद्योगों में व्यापक रूप से होता है। यह भी प्रकृति में अनवीकरणीय और सीमित है, और इसलिए इसे पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोत माना जाता है।

The incorrect option is 4:
प्राकृतिक गैस (Natural Gas) भी एक जीवाश्म ईंधन है, हालांकि यह कोयला और पेट्रोलियम की तुलना में अधिक स्वच्छ जलता है। इसका भंडार भी सीमित है और यह लंबे समय से उपयोग में रहा है, इसलिए यह भी एक पारंपरिक ऊर्जा स्रोत है।

The underlined modal auxiliary "must not" in the sentence "Cars must not be parked in front of the gate" shows Prohibition.

Here's why:

• Prohibition: "Must not" (or its contraction "mustn't") is a strong way of saying something is not allowed. It indicates a rule or law that forbids a particular action. In this case, parking in front of the gate is strictly forbidden.

Now, let's look at why the other options are incorrect:

• Permission: Permission implies allowing someone to do something. "Must not" does the opposite; it denies permission.
• Necessity: Necessity suggests something is required or essential. While there might be a reason why parking is prohibited (perhaps for emergency access), "must not" directly expresses the ban on parking, not the underlying need for the ban. "Must" (without the "not") would indicate necessity.
• Request: A request is a polite way of asking someone to do something. "Must not" is a direct and forceful command, not a polite request.

That exhibition closed two months ago.

Explanation:

• Why "That" (Option 4) is correct: "That" is a demonstrative adjective used to refer to a specific, singular noun (exhibition) that is further away in distance or time. In this context, "two months ago" indicates that the exhibition is not current or recent, making "that" the appropriate choice to refer to a specific exhibition in the past. It implies the speaker and listener both know which exhibition is being discussed, but it's not happening now.

• Why "Those" (Option 1) is incorrect: "Those" is the plural form of "that." Since "exhibition" is singular, "those" cannot be used. It would only be correct if the sentence referred to multiple exhibitions (e.g., "Those exhibitions closed two months ago").

• Why "These" (Option 2) is incorrect: "These" is the plural form of "this" and is used to refer to multiple things that are near in distance or time. Since "exhibition" is singular and the event happened "two months ago," "these" is inappropriate.

• Why "All" (Option 3) is incorrect: "All" implies a quantity or totality. While it could be used in a sentence like "All exhibitions closed two months ago" (meaning every exhibition closed then), it doesn't fit grammatically or logically with the singular "exhibition" without further modification (e.g., "All of that exhibition..."). It also changes the meaning of the sentence significantly. The original sentence implies a specific exhibition, not a general statement about all exhibitions.

Option 1, "I am responsible for my actions," is a simple sentence because it contains only one independent clause. An independent clause has a subject ("I") and a predicate ("am responsible for my actions") and expresses a complete thought. There are no coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, or relative pronouns that would combine it with another clause.

Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 2: "All that glitters is not gold." This is a complex sentence. "All that glitters" acts as the subject of the sentence, and "that glitters" is a relative clause modifying "all." The presence of the relative pronoun "that" makes it a complex sentence, not a simple one.

• Option 3: "He is very ill but he goes to his work." This is a compound sentence. It consists of two independent clauses ("He is very ill" and "he goes to his work") joined by the coordinating conjunction "but." The presence of the coordinating conjunction makes it a compound sentence, not a simple one.

• Option 4: "He put off his clothes and plunged into the river." This is a compound sentence. It consists of two independent clauses ("He put off his clothes" and "He plunged into the river") joined by the coordinating conjunction "and." The presence of the coordinating conjunction makes it a compound sentence, not a simple one.

The word "before" in the sentence "He came before the appointed time" is a preposition because it shows the relationship between the verb "came" and the noun phrase "the appointed time." Specifically, it indicates the temporal relationship, meaning he arrived prior to the appointed time. A preposition connects a noun or pronoun (in this case, "the appointed time") to another word in the sentence (in this case, the verb "came") to form a prepositional phrase that modifies that word.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Adverb: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. While "before" can function as an adverb in other contexts, in this sentence, it's not modifying "came" directly. It's part of the phrase "before the appointed time," which as a whole modifies "came." If it were an adverb, the sentence would likely be structured differently (e.g., "He came earlier").

• Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, or idea. "Before" doesn't represent any of these in the given sentence.

• Adjective: An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. "Before" is not describing "he" or any other noun in the sentence. It's relating "he came" to "the appointed time."

The antonym of 'Industrious' is 'Lazy'.

Explanation:

• Why Option 2 (Lazy) is correct: 'Industrious' means habitually working diligently and energetically. 'Lazy' means unwilling to work or use energy. Therefore, 'lazy' is the direct opposite of 'industrious'.

• Why Option 1 (Persistent) is incorrect: 'Persistent' means continuing firmly or obstinately in a course of action despite difficulty or opposition. While an industrious person might also be persistent, persistence is not the opposite of industriousness. It describes a quality of continuing effort, not the absence of effort.

• Why Option 3 (Diligent) is incorrect: 'Diligent' means showing care and conscientiousness in one's work or duties. 'Diligent' is actually a synonym of 'industrious', not an antonym.

• Why Option 4 (Focused) is incorrect: 'Focused' means able to concentrate attention or energy on something. While an industrious person might be focused, being focused is not the opposite of being industrious. A person can be unfocused and still be industrious, or focused and lazy.

Government by the king or queen is called Monarchy.

Explanation:

• Why Option 1 (Monarchy) is correct: Monarchy is a form of government in which a single person, typically a king or queen, holds supreme authority. This power is usually inherited and held for life or until abdication. The defining characteristic of a monarchy is rule by a single, hereditary sovereign. Therefore, the definition directly aligns with the question's premise.

• Why Option 2 (Democracy) is incorrect: Democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or through elected representatives. This is fundamentally different from rule by a king or queen.

• Why Option 3 (Bureaucracy) is incorrect: Bureaucracy refers to a system of administration characterized by hierarchical organization, formalized rules, and specialized functions. While bureaucracies can exist within monarchies (or any form of government), they are not the defining characteristic of rule by a king or queen.

• Why Option 4 (Anarchy) is incorrect: Anarchy is a state of disorder due to absence or non-recognition of authority. It is the opposite of a structured government like a monarchy.

Option 3 (tʃ) is correct because the underlined words "Chin," "Sketch," and "Chair" all begin with the same consonant sound, which is represented phonetically as /tʃ/. This sound is a voiceless postalveolar affricate.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1 (j): The sound /j/ is the consonant sound at the beginning of words like "yes" or "yellow." This is a palatal approximant and is clearly different from the initial sound in "Chin," "Sketch," and "Chair."

• Option 2 (dʒ): The sound /dʒ/ is the consonant sound at the beginning of words like "judge" or "gem." This is a voiced postalveolar affricate. While similar to /tʃ/, it is voiced, meaning the vocal cords vibrate during its production. The initial sound in "Chin," "Sketch," and "Chair" is voiceless.

• Option 4 (ʃ): The sound /ʃ/ is the consonant sound at the beginning of words like "she" or "shoe." This is a voiceless postalveolar fricative. While it shares a similar place of articulation with /tʃ/, it is a fricative (produced by forcing air through a narrow channel) rather than an affricate (which begins as a stop and releases as a fricative). The words "Chin," "Sketch," and "Chair" all start with an affricate sound, not a fricative.

Therefore, only Option 3, /tʃ/, accurately represents the consonant sound at the beginning of the underlined words.

My sister does not like milk supplied by the government dairy.

Here's why Option 3, "Dairy," is the correct choice:

• Dairy: This word refers to a place or company that processes and sells milk and milk products. The sentence implies the sister dislikes milk from a specific source, which is the government's milk production and distribution system, hence the "dairy."

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Daairy: This is a misspelling of "dairy" and has no recognized meaning.
• Deairy: This is also a misspelling and has no recognized meaning.
• Diary: This word refers to a personal record of daily events or thoughts. It has no connection to milk or milk production.

The underlined modal verb "should" in the sentence "Children should obey their parents" expresses Obligation.

Here's why:

• Obligation: "Should" is frequently used to indicate a duty, responsibility, or moral imperative. In this context, it suggests that children have a responsibility or duty to obey their parents. It implies that obeying parents is the right and expected thing to do. The sentence conveys a sense of what is morally or socially required.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Habit: "Habit" refers to a repeated action or behavior. While children may habitually obey their parents, the modal "should" doesn't describe a repeated action. It describes a general expectation or requirement. "Would" or "used to" would be more appropriate for expressing habit.

• Request: "Request" implies asking for something politely. "Should" doesn't function as a polite request in this sentence. "Could" or "Would" are more commonly used for requests.

• Desirability: "Desirability" refers to something that is wanted or wished for. While it might be desirable for children to obey their parents, "should" doesn't primarily express a wish or preference. It expresses a stronger sense of duty or obligation. "Ought to" or "It is desirable that" could express desirability.

Therefore, "should" in this sentence most accurately expresses an Obligation.

Option 2, "Timid," is the correct answer because it is not a synonym of "colossal."

Here's why:

• Colossal means extremely large, gigantic, or huge. It describes something of immense size or scale.

• Timid means showing a lack of courage or confidence; easily frightened. It describes a personality trait or behavior related to fear and shyness.

Therefore, "timid" has a completely different meaning from "colossal" and cannot be used interchangeably.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Huge: This is a direct synonym of "colossal," both describing something very large.
• Enormous: This is also a synonym of "colossal," indicating something of great size or extent.
• Gigantic: This is yet another synonym of "colossal," emphasizing immense size and scale.

In summary, only "timid" describes a characteristic unrelated to size, making it the only option that is not a synonym of "colossal."

The correct noun form of the verb 'obey' is Obedience.

Here's why:

• Option 4: Obedience - This is the correct answer because 'obedience' is a noun that refers to the act of obeying or the state of being obedient. It directly represents the concept of following rules or commands, which is the core meaning of the verb 'obey'. For example, "The dog showed perfect obedience to its owner."

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: Obeisance - While related to respect and submission, 'obeisance' refers to a gesture of respect, such as a bow or curtsy. It's not the noun form of the act of obeying itself. It's more about showing respect through a physical action, not the general concept of following rules.

• Option 2: Obedient - 'Obedient' is an adjective, not a noun. It describes someone or something that is capable of or prone to obeying. For example, "The child was very obedient." Adjectives modify nouns, they don't represent the noun form of a verb.

• Option 3: Obeyed - 'Obeyed' is the past tense and past participle form of the verb 'obey'. It's a verb form, not a noun. It describes the action of obeying that has already happened. For example, "He obeyed the rules."

Option 3, "I ordered to him to leave the room," is grammatically incorrect because the verb "order" does not take the preposition "to" when followed by an indirect object (in this case, "him"). The correct construction would be "I ordered him to leave the room." The preposition "to" is redundant and creates an ungrammatical sentence structure.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: I hope you are enjoying good health. This sentence is grammatically correct. It expresses a wish for someone's well-being and uses proper verb tense and structure.

• Option 2: I am feeling pain in my leg. This sentence is grammatically correct. It describes a physical sensation and uses appropriate vocabulary and grammar. While "I feel pain in my leg" is also correct, the continuous tense ("I am feeling") is acceptable in this context.

• Option 4: This water is good to drink. This sentence is grammatically correct. It describes the suitability of the water for drinking and uses the infinitive phrase "to drink" correctly.

The underlined word "Still" in the sentence "Still waters run deep" is an Adjective (Option 1) because it modifies the noun "waters." Adjectives are words that describe or provide more information about a noun. In this case, "still" describes the type of waters being referred to. It tells us that the waters are not moving or agitated.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 2: Noun: A noun is a word that represents a person, place, thing, or idea. "Still" in this sentence doesn't represent any of those things. It's describing the waters. If "still" were a noun, it would be the subject of the sentence, but "waters" is the subject.

• Option 3: Adverb: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They typically answer questions like how, when, where, or to what extent. In this sentence, "still" is not modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It's directly modifying the noun "waters."

• Option 4: Verb: A verb is a word that expresses an action or a state of being. "Still" does not express an action or a state of being in this sentence. The verb in the sentence is "run."

Therefore, "Still" functions as an adjective, modifying the noun "waters," making Option 1 the correct answer.

The figure of speech in the lines "The moan of doves in immemorial elms / And murmuring of innumerable bees" is Onomatopoeia because the words "moan" and "murmuring" imitate the actual sounds made by doves and bees, respectively. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that phonetically resemble or suggest the sound that they describe. The words directly evoke the auditory experience of hearing doves cooing and bees buzzing.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Assonance: Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within words in close proximity. While there might be some instances of vowel sound repetition in the lines, the primary effect isn't the emphasis of vowel sounds but the imitation of actual sounds. Therefore, assonance is not the dominant figure of speech.

• Refrain: A refrain is a line or group of lines that is repeated throughout a poem or song. There is no repetition of lines in the given excerpt, so it cannot be a refrain.

• Simile: A simile is a comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as." The lines do not contain any explicit comparison using these words, nor do they imply a comparison between two dissimilar things. Therefore, it is not a simile.

The underlined word "walking" in the sentence "The old man was tired of walking" is a Gerund (Option 3).

Here's why:

• Gerunds function as nouns. A gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun. In this sentence, "walking" is the object of the preposition "of." Nouns can be objects of prepositions. Therefore, "walking" is acting as a noun.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Participle: Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives or be part of a verb phrase. While participles also end in "-ing," they modify nouns or are part of a continuous verb tense. In this sentence, "walking" is not modifying a noun, nor is it part of a continuous verb tense. It's the object of the preposition "of."
• Noun: While gerunds are nouns, the more specific and accurate term for a verb form ending in "-ing" that functions as a noun is "gerund." Calling it simply a "noun" is not incorrect, but "gerund" is the more precise grammatical term. However, the question asks for the identification of the word, and "gerund" is the specific type of noun it is.
• Adjective: Adjectives modify nouns. "Walking" in this sentence does not modify any noun. It's the object of the preposition "of," fulfilling a noun's role in the sentence.

The correct answer is Option 1: were

Explanation:

The sentence "All the passengers, with the driver _____ killed in the accident" requires a verb that agrees with the subject. The subject of the sentence is "All the passengers." The phrase "with the driver" is a prepositional phrase that modifies the subject but does not change its number. Since "passengers" is plural, the verb must also be plural.

• Why "were" is correct: "Were" is the plural form of the past tense of the verb "to be." It agrees with the plural subject "All the passengers," indicating that multiple people were killed.

• Why "was" is incorrect: "Was" is the singular form of the past tense of the verb "to be." It would only be correct if the subject were singular. Since the subject is "All the passengers," which is plural, "was" is incorrect.

• Why "is" is incorrect: "Is" is the singular form of the present tense of the verb "to be." It would only be correct if the subject were singular and the sentence were in the present tense. The sentence describes an accident that has already happened, so the past tense is required. Also, the subject is plural, making "is" incorrect.

• Why "had" is incorrect: "Had" is used as an auxiliary verb to form the past perfect tense. While grammatically it could be used with "been" (e.g., "had been killed"), the sentence structure provided doesn't allow for "been" to be added without sounding awkward and unnatural. More importantly, the simple past tense "were killed" is more direct and appropriate in this context. The past perfect tense would imply that the killing happened before another event in the past, which isn't indicated in the sentence.

Option 3, 'igzæmin', is the correct phonetic transcription of the word 'Examine' because:

• The initial 'E' in 'Examine' is typically pronounced with a short 'i' sound, represented by /ɪ/ in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Therefore, 'i' is the correct starting sound.

• The 'x' in 'Examine' is pronounced as /gz/.

• The 'a' in 'Examine' is pronounced as /æ/.

• The 'mine' part of 'Examine' is pronounced as /mɪn/.

Therefore, combining these sounds, the phonetic transcription of 'Examine' is /ɪɡˈzæmɪn/, which is best represented by 'igzæmin' among the given options.

Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: Λgʒəmin: This option is incorrect because it uses the wrong vowel sounds at the beginning and in the middle of the word. The symbol 'Λ' represents a vowel sound like in "cut," which is not present in 'Examine'. Also, 'ʒ' represents the sound in "measure," which is not present in 'Examine'.

• Option 2: əgzæmin: This option is incorrect because the initial 'E' is not pronounced with a schwa sound /ə/ (like the 'a' in 'about'). It's a short 'i' sound.

• Option 4: igʒamin: This option is incorrect because it uses the sound 'ʒ' (as in "measure") instead of 'z' in the middle of the word. The 'x' in 'Examine' is pronounced as /gz/, not /gʒ/.

The past participle of the verb 'Forgive' is 'Forgiven' because past participles are often formed by adding "-en" to the base form of the verb, especially for irregular verbs like 'Forgive'.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Forgot: 'Forgot' is the past tense of the verb 'Forget', not 'Forgive'.
• Forgave: 'Forgave' is the past tense of the verb 'Forgive', not the past participle.
• Forgiving: 'Forgiving' is the present participle or gerund form of the verb 'Forgive', used in continuous tenses or as a noun.

Therefore, 'Forgiven' is the only option that correctly represents the past participle of the verb 'Forgive'.