HTET Exam - Level 1 PRT - English

The poem is written in Iambic pentameter. Here's why:

• Why Iambic Pentameter is Correct: Iambic pentameter is a metrical pattern in poetry consisting of five iambs per line. An iamb is a metrical foot containing one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable (da-DUM). If we analyze the lines of the poem, we can see this pattern predominates. For example, take the first line: "A thing of beau-ty is a joy for ev-er." While there might be slight variations or substitutions, the underlying rhythm is consistently iambic pentameter. The presence of five iambic feet per line is the defining characteristic.

• Why Heroic Couplet is Incorrect: A heroic couplet consists of two rhyming lines written in iambic pentameter. While the poem does use iambic pentameter, it is not consistently arranged in rhyming couplets. The rhyme scheme is more complex than simple pairs of rhyming lines. Therefore, it's not a heroic couplet.

• Why Iambic Tetrameter is Incorrect: Iambic tetrameter consists of four iambs per line. The lines in the poem generally have five iambs, not four. Therefore, it is not iambic tetrameter.

• Why Blank Verse is Incorrect: Blank verse is unrhymed iambic pentameter. While the poem does use iambic pentameter, it is not unrhymed. The poem has a clear rhyme scheme (though not heroic couplets). Therefore, it's not blank verse.

"Ode to the West Wind" is the most noteworthy example of Terza rima because Percy Bysshe Shelley meticulously employs this specific Italian verse form throughout the poem. Terza rima is characterized by its interlocking three-line rhyme scheme: aba, bcb, cdc, ded, ee. This intricate pattern creates a sense of continuity and momentum, propelling the poem forward with its cyclical echoing of rhymes. Shelley masterfully uses this structure to build the poem's intensity and convey the West Wind's powerful and transformative force. The interconnectedness of the rhyme scheme mirrors the interconnectedness of the wind's influence on nature and the poet's desire for inspiration. The poem's consistent adherence to and skillful execution of terza rima makes it a prime example of this form.

Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect:

1. Rhyme royal: Rhyme royal is a seven-line stanza form with the rhyme scheme ababbcc. "Ode to the West Wind" does not utilize this seven-line stanza structure or the specific rhyme scheme associated with rhyme royal.

2. Dramatic monologue: A dramatic monologue is a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events. While "Ode to the West Wind" certainly has a speaker and expresses strong emotions, it doesn't fit the typical narrative structure or character revelation characteristic of a dramatic monologue. The focus is more on the wind itself and the poet's relationship to it, rather than a detailed narrative or character study.

3. Eclogue: An eclogue is a short pastoral poem, typically dealing with idealized rural life and shepherds. "Ode to the West Wind," while containing elements of nature and the natural world, does not focus on the traditional themes or settings associated with eclogues. It's not a pastoral poem in the conventional sense. The poem's scope is much broader, dealing with themes of revolution, inspiration, and the power of nature, rather than the simple lives of shepherds.

Christabel is not written by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Here's why:

• Option 2: Christabel - Correct: Christabel is a famous unfinished narrative poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It was written in two parts, the first in 1797 and the second in 1800. Therefore, it is definitively not a work by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: Ozymandias - Incorrect: Ozymandias is a sonnet written by Percy Bysshe Shelley. It is one of his most famous and widely anthologized poems.

• Option 3: Ode to the West Wind - Incorrect: Ode to the West Wind is a well-known ode written by Percy Bysshe Shelley. It is a significant example of his Romantic poetry.

• Option 4: To a Skylark - Incorrect: To a Skylark is another famous poem by Percy Bysshe Shelley, celebrated for its lyrical quality and imagery.

The correct answer is Option 2: Metaphor. Here's why:

• Why Metaphor is Correct: The lines from John Donne's "The Good Morrow" use extended metaphors to equate the speaker's beloved to entire states and princes. The speaker is not like states and princes (which would be a simile), but is them. The relationship is presented as a direct equivalence. Furthermore, "All honor's mimic, all wealth alchemy" presents honor and wealth as imitations and transformations respectively, again without using "like" or "as." These are direct comparisons, making them metaphors. The poem doesn't just compare; it equates the beloved to these grand concepts, highlighting the speaker's intense love and the world they create together.

• Why Simile is Incorrect: A simile uses "like" or "as" to make a comparison. The given lines do not contain either of these words. The comparison is direct, not suggestive of resemblance.

• Why Epithet is Incorrect: An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned. While the poem uses descriptive language, it doesn't use single adjectives or short phrases consistently attached to a specific noun to characterize it. The descriptions are part of a larger, more complex comparison.

• Why Synecdoche is Incorrect: Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. There is no instance of a part representing a whole, or a whole representing a part, in the given lines. The poem is not using a component of something to stand in for the entire thing.

Option 2 is correct because "Two Gentlemen of Verona" by A.J. Cronin directly portrays the sacrifices made by two young brothers, Nicola and Jacopo, to earn money for their sister Lucia's treatment for tuberculosis. The story emphasizes their dedication and hard work, highlighting the various jobs they undertake – shining shoes, selling newspapers, and acting as guides – all with the singular purpose of funding Lucia's medical care. The narrative revolves around their commitment to their sister's well-being and the lengths they go to in order to provide her with the necessary treatment.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: The story does not primarily focus on a conflict between loyalty to friends and submission to passion. While the narrator and his companion develop a certain fondness for the boys, the central theme is not about conflicting loyalties or passions.

• Option 3: The story does not involve anyone being hunted by a relentless woman. This option is completely unrelated to the plot and characters of "Two Gentlemen of Verona."

• Option 4: The story is not about people escaping the dishonesty and politics of court life. The setting is post-war Verona, and the focus is on the boys' struggle for survival and their dedication to their sister, not on courtly intrigue or political maneuvering.

The famous line, 'Nothing is so necessary for a young man as the company of intelligent women', is attributed to Leo Tolstoy, and while not a direct quote found verbatim in 'War and Peace', the sentiment aligns strongly with themes and character interactions within the novel.

Here's why Option 1 is the most appropriate choice, and why the others are incorrect:

• Option 1: Leo Tolstoy's, 'War and Peace' - CORRECT: While the exact wording might not be directly searchable within the text of 'War and Peace', the novel explores the importance of social interactions, particularly between men and women, and the influence of intelligent women on the development of young men. Characters like Natasha Rostova and Princess Maria Bolkonskaya embody intelligence and moral strength, and their interactions with male characters like Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky significantly shape their perspectives and growth. Tolstoy's works often emphasize the positive influence of women on men's moral and intellectual development, making this the most plausible source for the sentiment. The spirit of the quote is very much in line with Tolstoy's views as expressed in 'War and Peace'.

• Option 2: Charles Dickens's, 'Oliver Twist' - INCORRECT: 'Oliver Twist' primarily focuses on themes of poverty, crime, and social injustice in Victorian England. While there are female characters, their roles are generally not centered around intellectual influence on young men. The novel's focus is on Oliver's survival and moral development amidst harsh circumstances, not on the benefits of intelligent female companionship. The social dynamics and character interactions in 'Oliver Twist' do not support the sentiment expressed in the quote.

• Option 3: George Orwell's, 'Animal Farm' - INCORRECT: 'Animal Farm' is an allegorical novella about political corruption and totalitarianism. The characters are animals representing different social classes and political figures. The novel lacks any significant exploration of the influence of intelligent women on young men, as the focus is entirely on the power dynamics and the corruption of the revolution. The themes and characters of 'Animal Farm' are completely unrelated to the sentiment expressed in the quote.

• Option 4: Graham Greene's, 'The Power and the Glory' - INCORRECT: 'The Power and the Glory' explores themes of faith, guilt, and redemption in the context of religious persecution in Mexico. The novel primarily focuses on the struggles of a "whiskey priest" and his internal conflicts. While there are female characters, their roles are not centered around intellectual influence on young men. The novel's themes and character interactions do not align with the sentiment expressed in the quote.

Tennyson and Charles Dickens are considered two important writers of the Victorian Age because:

• Tennyson: Alfred, Lord Tennyson was the Poet Laureate during much of Queen Victoria's reign. His poetry, such as "The Charge of the Light Brigade," "Ulysses," and "In Memoriam A.H.H.," reflected the Victorian era's concerns with faith, doubt, progress, and the impact of industrialization. He captured the spirit and sensibilities of the age.

• Charles Dickens: Dickens was a hugely popular novelist whose works like "Oliver Twist," "A Tale of Two Cities," "Great Expectations," and "David Copperfield" provided social commentary on Victorian society. He depicted the lives of the poor, the injustices of the legal system, and the hypocrisy of the upper classes. His novels were widely read and influenced public opinion.

Why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: Charles Dickens & John Donne: While Charles Dickens is a prominent Victorian writer, John Donne was a major figure of the Metaphysical Poets of the Jacobean era (early 17th century), long before the Victorian period (1837-1901).

• Option 2: Shakespeare and Donne: William Shakespeare was a towering figure of the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras (late 16th and early 17th centuries), and John Donne, as mentioned above, was a Jacobean poet. Neither belongs to the Victorian period.

• Option 4: Bacon and Eliot: Francis Bacon was an important figure of the English Renaissance (16th-17th centuries). T.S. Eliot, while a significant writer, belongs to the Modernist period (early to mid-20th century), well after the Victorian era.

The correct answer is Option 1: The Last Leaf.

Explanation:

• Why Option 1 (The Last Leaf) is correct: The story "The Last Leaf" by O. Henry explicitly features the characters Sue and Johnsy. Johnsy is ill with pneumonia, and she believes she will die when the last leaf falls from the ivy vine she sees outside her window. Sue is her friend and roommate who cares for her. The entire plot revolves around their relationship and Johnsy's struggle with illness and hope.

• Why Option 2 (The Gift of the Magi) is incorrect: "The Gift of the Magi" features the characters Della and Jim, a young married couple who are very much in love but desperately poor. The story focuses on their sacrifices to buy each other Christmas gifts. Sue and Johnsy are not characters in this story.

• Why Option 3 (The Ransom of Red Chief) is incorrect: "The Ransom of Red Chief" is a humorous story about two kidnappers, Sam and Bill, who kidnap a mischievous boy named Johnny Dorset (nicknamed "Red Chief"). Sue and Johnsy are not characters in this story.

• Why Option 4 (The Cop and the Anthem) is incorrect: "The Cop and the Anthem" tells the story of Soapy, a homeless man who tries various methods to get arrested so he can spend the winter in jail. Sue and Johnsy are not characters in this story.

Therefore, only "The Last Leaf" contains the characters Sue and Johnsy, making Option 1 the only correct answer.

Here's a detailed explanation justifying why Option 1 is the correct answer and why the other options are incorrect, based on the provided information:

Justification for Option 1: A:(d), B:(b), C:(c), D:(a)

Option 1 correctly matches the poem excerpts with their respective poets:

• A. 'Tis better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all : (d) Alfred Lord Tennyson: This line is famously from Tennyson's poem "In Memoriam A.H.H." Therefore, the pairing of A with (d) is accurate.

• B. Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less travelled by. : (b) Robert Frost: This is the opening line of Robert Frost's well-known poem "The Road Not Taken." Thus, pairing B with (b) is correct.

• C. At twenty I tried to die And get back, back, back to you : (c) Sylvia Plath: This line is from Sylvia Plath's poem "Lady Lazarus". Therefore, the pairing of C with (c) is accurate.

• D. Tread softly because you tread on my dreams : (a) W. B. Yeats: This line is from W.B. Yeats' poem "He Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven." Thus, pairing D with (a) is correct.

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option 2: A:(b), B:(c), C:(d), D:(a) This option is incorrect because it misattributes the poems to the wrong poets. Specifically, it incorrectly assigns Tennyson's line to Robert Frost, Frost's line to Sylvia Plath, Plath's line to Tennyson, and Yeats' line to Yeats (which is correct, but the other pairings are wrong).

• Option 3: B:(a), C:(d), D:(b), A:(c) This option is incorrect because it misattributes all the poems to the wrong poets. It assigns Frost's line to Yeats, Plath's line to Tennyson, Yeats' line to Frost, and Tennyson's line to Plath.

• Option 4: A:(a), B:(b), C:(c), D:(d) This option is incorrect because it misattributes the poems to the wrong poets. Specifically, it incorrectly assigns Tennyson's line to Tennyson, Frost's line to Frost, Plath's line to Plath, and Yeats' line to Yeats (which is correct, but the other pairings are wrong).

In conclusion, Option 1 is the only option that correctly matches each poem excerpt with its corresponding poet, making it the correct answer.

The central theme of Tennyson's "Ulysses" is indeed the relentless pursuit of knowledge and experience. Ulysses, despite his age and having returned home, feels restless and yearns for further adventure and intellectual exploration. He famously declares, "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield," encapsulating his unwavering desire to push beyond the boundaries of his current life and embrace new challenges and understanding. The poem focuses on his dissatisfaction with a life of ease and his determination to continue his journey of discovery, making the pursuit of knowledge and experience the core, driving force of the narrative.

Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect in the context of the central theme:

1. The Lotus-Eaters: While "The Lotus-Eaters" explores themes of escapism and the allure of a life of ease and forgetfulness, its central theme is not the pursuit of knowledge and experience. The poem focuses on the seductive nature of indolence and the dangers of abandoning ambition and responsibility. The Lotus-Eaters actively avoid experience and knowledge, preferring a state of blissful ignorance.

2. Tears, Idle Tears: "Tears, Idle Tears" is primarily a lament on the bittersweet nature of memory and the passage of time. It explores themes of loss, nostalgia, and the beauty of sorrow. While it touches upon the human experience, its central focus is not the active pursuit of knowledge or new experiences. It's more about reflecting on past experiences and the emotions they evoke.

3. The Charge of the Light Brigade: This poem commemorates a specific historical event – a disastrous military charge during the Crimean War. Its central themes are courage, duty, and the futility of war. While it deals with the experience of battle, it doesn't focus on the broader, intellectual pursuit of knowledge and experience that defines "Ulysses." The poem is a tribute to the soldiers' bravery, not an exploration of a character's yearning for intellectual growth and adventure.

Therefore, "Ulysses" is the only poem among the options where the central theme revolves around the protagonist's active and unwavering pursuit of knowledge and experience, making Option 3 the correct answer.

Ulysses in Tennyson's poem is thoroughly discontented and yearns to travel and explore again, making Option 3 the correct answer. The entire poem revolves around Ulysses's restlessness and dissatisfaction with a life of ease and domesticity after his long years of adventure. He explicitly states his feeling of being idle and useless, saying "How dull it is to pause, to make an end, / To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!" This clearly demonstrates his discontent with staying in Ithaca. He feels stifled by the routine of ruling and longs for the excitement and challenges of exploration. He wants to "drink life to the lees," implying a desire for intense experiences that he cannot find at home. His famous line, "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield," encapsulates his unwavering desire for adventure and his rejection of a settled life.

Now, let's examine why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: He is content in ruling his people after being away for a long time. This is incorrect because the poem directly contradicts this. Ulysses expresses boredom and frustration with his current role as a ruler. He sees it as a monotonous task that prevents him from pursuing his true passion for exploration.

• Option 2: He doesn't like the manner in which his son Telemachus has ruled the land in his absence. While Ulysses acknowledges Telemachus's capability to rule ("He works his work, I mine."), the poem's focus is not on Ulysses's dissatisfaction with Telemachus's rule. Instead, it's about Ulysses's own internal desire for adventure, regardless of how well Telemachus is ruling. The poem doesn't suggest any animosity or disapproval towards Telemachus's leadership.

• Option 4: He reveres his homeland and is happy to be reunited with his wife, son and his people. While Ulysses likely cares for his family and people, the poem emphasizes his overwhelming desire for further exploration over domestic bliss. The poem's central theme is his discontent with a settled life, making this option incorrect. His longing for adventure overshadows any contentment he might feel about being home.

The poem 'Refugee Blues' by W.H. Auden explicitly addresses the plight of German Jews fleeing Nazi persecution in the 1930s.

Here's why Option 1 (German Jews) is correct and the others are incorrect:

• Option 1: German Jews (Correct) The poem's historical context is crucial. Auden wrote 'Refugee Blues' in 1939. The rise of Nazi Germany and its anti-Semitic policies led to a mass exodus of Jewish people from Germany. The poem directly reflects the experiences of these refugees, who were stateless, denied entry into many countries, and faced immense hardship. Lines like "Went to a committee; they offered me a chair; Asked me politely to return next year," and "Said, 'If we let them in, they will steal our daily bread'" directly reflect the bureaucratic indifference and xenophobia faced by Jewish refugees seeking asylum in the late 1930s. The poem's themes of statelessness, rejection, and the loss of identity are all directly tied to the specific historical circumstances of German Jews at that time.

• Option 2: Syrians (Incorrect) While the Syrian refugee crisis is a significant modern issue, it is not the subject of Auden's poem. The poem was written in 1939, long before the Syrian civil war and the subsequent refugee crisis. The historical context and specific details within the poem do not align with the experiences of Syrian refugees.

• Option 3: Rohingyas (Incorrect) The Rohingya refugee crisis is also a contemporary issue, primarily affecting Myanmar and Bangladesh. This crisis occurred much later than the time period in which Auden wrote 'Refugee Blues'. The poem's themes and specific references do not reflect the unique circumstances and challenges faced by Rohingya refugees.

• Option 4: Lebanese (Incorrect) While Lebanon has experienced periods of conflict and displacement, the poem's context and themes are not directly related to the Lebanese experience. The poem's focus on statelessness, anti-Semitism, and the specific historical events of the 1930s clearly point to the plight of German Jewish refugees.

Adrienne Rich की कविता 'आंट जेनिफर'स टाइगर्स' में:

1. एक महिला विवाहित जीवन में जिन बाधाओं का अनुभव करती है, उन्हें संबोधित किया गया है।

Option 1 is Correct:

Adrienne Rich's poem 'Aunt Jennifer's Tigers' powerfully explores the constraints and limitations imposed upon women within the institution of marriage. Aunt Jennifer's embroidered tigers represent a stark contrast to her own oppressed existence. The tigers are bold, fearless, and free, embodying qualities that Aunt Jennifer herself lacks. The poem highlights the weight of her wedding band, symbolizing the oppressive nature of her marriage and the burdens she carries. The "massive weight of Uncle's wedding band" suggests the power imbalance and the lack of freedom she experiences. The poem focuses on her fear and the difficulty she has even creating something beautiful because of the psychological impact of her marriage. Therefore, the poem directly addresses the constraints of married life a woman experiences.

Why other options are incorrect:

• Option 2 (celebrates the beauty and strength of the tiger): While the poem does depict the tigers as beautiful and strong, the primary focus is not simply a celebration of the animal itself. The tigers serve as a symbol of freedom and power that Aunt Jennifer lacks, highlighting the contrast between her life and the untamed spirit of the tigers. The poem uses the tigers to comment on Aunt Jennifer's situation, not to simply admire the animal.

• Option 3 (praises the creator of the magnificent beast): The poem does not focus on praising the creator of the tigers, whether it be nature or Aunt Jennifer herself. The emphasis is on the tigers as a symbol and their contrast to Aunt Jennifer's oppressed state. The act of creation is secondary to the symbolic meaning of the tigers.

• Option 4 (illustrates the relationship between the hunter and the tiger): The poem does not depict a direct relationship between a hunter and a tiger. The tigers are symbolic representations of freedom and power, and the poem focuses on Aunt Jennifer's internal struggles and the constraints of her marriage, not on a literal hunting scenario. There is no hunter mentioned or implied in the poem.

In the poem 'Felling the Banyan Tree', the contrast brought about at the end of the poem, as described by Option 4, is that there are hardly any trees in Bombay, but Baroda had a lot of trees.

Here's why Option 4 is the correct interpretation and why the other options are incorrect:

• Why Option 4 is Correct: The poem explicitly details the felling of the large banyan tree that was a significant part of the speaker's childhood home. The act of cutting down the tree is a central event. The poem then shifts to the speaker's move to Bombay. The poem implies a lack of similar natural elements in Bombay. The contrast is between the abundance of nature, specifically trees, in the speaker's past (Baroda, where the banyan tree stood) and the relative absence of such nature in their present (Bombay). The poem doesn't explicitly state "hardly any trees," but the implication is strong that the natural environment is significantly diminished in Bombay compared to the speaker's memories of Baroda.

• Why Option 1 is Incorrect: Option 1 states "There are plenty of trees both in Bombay & in Baroda." This contradicts the poem's underlying theme of loss and the implied scarcity of trees in Bombay. The poem focuses on the removal of a significant tree and the speaker's relocation to a place where such natural landmarks are not as prevalent.

• Why Option 2 is Incorrect: Option 2 states "Trees are everywhere." This is a generalization that doesn't capture the specific contrast the poem establishes. The poem is not about the universal presence of trees, but about the loss of a specific tree and the speaker's experience of a different environment where trees are not as prominent or significant.

• Why Option 3 is Incorrect: Option 3 states "Big cities have the most trees." This is a generalization that is not supported by the poem. The poem focuses on the speaker's personal experience and the contrast between two specific locations, not on a general statement about big cities. The poem implies the opposite, that the big city (Bombay) lacks the natural abundance of the speaker's former home (Baroda).

Kamala Das's pen name was indeed Madhavikutty.

• Option 1: Madhavikutty - Correct. Madhavikutty was the pen name Kamala Das used for her Malayalam writings. She is widely known and recognized by this name in the Malayalam literary world. This is a well-established fact.

• Option 2: Surayya - Incorrect. While Kamala Das did convert to Islam later in her life and adopted the name Kamala Surayya, Surayya was her name after conversion, not a pen name used for her literary works in the same way Madhavikutty was. Madhavikutty was her established literary identity.

• Option 3: Kamala - Incorrect. "Kamala" is simply her given first name. While she wrote under her own name, Kamala Das, it wasn't a pen name in the sense of a pseudonym she adopted for a specific purpose or language. Madhavikutty served as her pen name, particularly for her Malayalam works.

• Option 4: Bholi - Incorrect. "Bholi" has no connection to Kamala Das or her literary work. It is not a name or pen name she ever used.

Munshi Premchand's 'Godan' does not deal with the partition of India because it was written and published in 1936, well before the partition of India in 1947. 'Godan' focuses on the socio-economic conditions of Indian peasants during the pre-independence era, depicting their struggles with poverty, exploitation, and social injustice within the existing agrarian system. The novel revolves around the life of Hori, a poor farmer, and his aspirations to own a cow (godan). The themes explored are related to rural life, caste dynamics, and the impact of modernization on traditional society, none of which are directly related to the specific historical event of the partition.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

1. Khushwant Singh's 'Train to Pakistan': This novel explicitly deals with the partition of India. It portrays the violence, displacement, and communal tensions that arose during the partition, focusing on the impact on a village on the border between India and Pakistan.

2. Bhisham Sahni's 'Tamas': 'Tamas' is a powerful depiction of the communal violence and chaos that erupted during the partition of India. It explores the manipulation of religious sentiments and the devastating consequences of hatred and division.

3. Bapsi Sidhwa's 'Ice Candy Man' (also known as 'Cracking India'): This novel is set during the partition of India and tells the story of the event through the eyes of a young Parsi girl. It vividly portrays the violence, displacement, and social upheaval that accompanied the partition.

Therefore, only 'Godan' predates the partition and focuses on entirely different themes, making it the only option that does not deal with the partition of India.

Khushwant Singh was indeed a lawyer, a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha), and a recipient of both the Padma Bhushan (which he later returned in protest) and the Padma Vibhushan. This aligns perfectly with the question's criteria.

Here's why the other options are incorrect:

• Option 1: Shashi Deshpande: While Shashi Deshpande is a celebrated Indian novelist, she is primarily known for her literary contributions and is not known to have been a lawyer or a Member of Parliament. She is also not a recipient of the Padma Vibhushan.

• Option 2: Anita Desai: Anita Desai is a renowned author, shortlisted for the Booker Prize multiple times. However, she was not a lawyer or a Member of Parliament, nor has she been awarded the Padma Vibhushan.

• Option 3: Mulk Raj Anand: Mulk Raj Anand was a prominent Indian writer known for his novels depicting the lives of the poor in India. While he received the Padma Bhushan, he was not a lawyer or a Member of Parliament, and he did not receive the Padma Vibhushan.

Therefore, only Khushwant Singh fulfills all the criteria mentioned in the question, making Option 4 the correct answer.